45 Questions
What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?
It loses water and shrinks
What characterizes an isotonic solution in relation to water movement?
There is no net movement of water
What is the result of a cell being in a hypotonic solution?
It gains water and swells
What does osmotic pressure drive water movement through?
Semipermeable membrane
Where does water move in response to osmotic pressure?
From a dilute solution to a more concentrated one
What exerts the force per unit area in osmotic pressure?
Osmotic pressure itself
What type of particles do proteins act as in the Gibbs-Donnan membrane equilibrium?
Osmotically active and negatively charged particles
Where are proteins predominantly found, exerting crucial net osmotic forces on cell membranes?
Intracellular Fluid (ICF) and blood
What do proteins contribute to in the context of osmotic balance?
Proteins contribute to osmotic balance by influencing the distribution of ions
What is the movement of water through osmosis in response to?
Differences in solute concentration
What prevents further water movement once solute concentrations are equal?
An opposing force
What are plasma membranes impermeable to, but allow the passage of?
Certain solutes and water
What does osmotic concentration measure in terms of solute particles?
Number of particles contributing to osmotic pressure
What unit is used to measure osmotic concentration?
Osmoles
What contributes to the osmotic pressure of a solution?
Ions, molecules, or any solute
What is taken into account when measuring osmoles?
Number of particles contributing to osmotic pressure
What contributes to the osmotic pressure of a solution?
Ions, molecules, or any solute
What does osmotic concentration measure in a solution?
The concentration of solute particles in terms of osmoles
Which ion is prominent in the intracellular fluid (ICF)?
Potassium (K+)
Which ion is found in higher concentrations in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Sodium (Na+)
How is one equivalent of a monovalent ion defined?
Equal to its molecular weight in grams
What does Mass % (w/w) represent?
The mass of solute per 100 masses of solution
What does Molality measure?
Moles of solute per kg of solvent
In what unit are physiological concentrations often expressed?
Millimoles per liter (mmol/L)
What fraction of the body mass does the Intracellular Fluid (ICF) make up?
2/3
What fraction of the Extracellular Fluid (ECF) is held in the Interstitial Fluid (ISF)?
2/3
Where is 1/3 of the extracellular fluid held?
Intravascular Compartments (Blood Volume)
What is the main buffer in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ H+ + HCO3-
Where does phosphate buffer primarily function?
Inside cells and in the tubular fluid of the kidneys
What percentage of the buffering system is located inside the cells?
60-70%
Which protein acts as an intracellular protein buffer to prevent pH changes in plasma?
Hemoglobin
Where does the intracellular protein buffer primarily function?
Inside the cells
What effect does removing CO2 from blood have on pH and acidity?
Increases pH and lowers acidity
What is the impact of removing HCO3 from blood on pH and alkalinity?
Decreases pH and lowers alkalinity
What happens to blood pH and acidity when CO2 levels in blood increase?
Decreases pH and increases acidity
How do alterations in temporal ventilation affect pH?
By altering the rate of CO2 exhalation
What causes alterations in pH through carbonic acid?
Changes in the rate of CO2 excretion
How can the respiratory system help control non-respiratory acidosis and alkalosis?
By altering the rate of CO2 exhalation
How does hyperventilation help decrease the concentration of H+ ions in the blood?
By removing excess carbon dioxide, which can combine with water to form carbonic acid that dissociates into H+ ions and bicarbonate ions
What is the result of carbon dioxide combining with water in the blood?
Formation of carbonic acid that dissociates into H+ ions and bicarbonate ions
What is the primary function of the kidneys in the renal regulation of pH? multiple
Eliminating acidic hydrogen ions in urine
How do the kidneys help neutralize excess acids in the blood?
Returning bicarbonate ions to the blood
What is a metabolic reason for acidosis?
Severe diarrhea
What is a respiratory reason for alkolisis?
Hyperventilation
What can cause metabolic alkolisis?
Vomiting
Test your knowledge of cell biology and physiology with this quiz on isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions. Identify the effects of each type of solution on cell water movement and demonstrate your understanding of these fundamental concepts.
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