Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Stress
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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes objective stressors from perceived stress?

  • Objective stressors are exclusively environmental in nature.
  • Objective stressors are always evaluated negatively.
  • Perceived stress encompasses the individual's subjective interpretation. (correct)
  • Perceived stress is the same for everyone experiencing the same event.

    • In Stress Appraisal Theory, what is the focus of primary appraisal?

  • Evaluation of personal coping mechanisms.
  • Perception of the demands of a situation. (correct)
  • Determining the stressfulness of the environment.
  • Understanding the emotional impact of an event.

    • What occurs when high perceived stress is experienced?

  • Individual coping ability is greater than situational demands.
  • Environmental factors are more relevant than personal feelings.
  • Primary appraisal exceeds secondary appraisal. (correct)
  • Secondary appraisal is less influential than objective stressors.

    • How does cognition play a role in stress responses according to the content?

    <p>It can either amplify, mitigate, or trigger stress responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects the relationship between objective stressors and perceived stress?

    <p>Some objectively stressful events may not be perceived as stressful by everyone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes individuals who are considered sensitive according to the Differential Sensitivities Hypothesis?

    <p>They experience greater positive outcomes from supportive environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do serotonin transporter gene variants play in environmental sensitivity?

    <p>They are linked to heightened reactivity to stressful experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about epigenetics and environmental influences is true?

    <p>Life events can modify gene expression through processes like gene methylation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key finding was observed in rat studies regarding neglected pups and stress reactivity?

    <p>Higher stress reactivity was linked to more methylated genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion can be drawn about gene-environment interactions in relation to stress and health outcomes?

    <p>They play a crucial role in shaping individual responses to stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for the modern stressors humans face today?

    <p>Interpersonal and socially created conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'allostatic load' refer to?

    <p>Cumulative wear and tear on bodily systems due to chronic stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chronic stress differ from the stress experienced by animals like zebras?

    <p>Chronic stress in humans is primarily mental or emotional rather than physical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does mild stress exposure play in developing resilience?

    <p>It helps build adaptive capacity through controlled encounters with stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which health problem is associated with chronic stress?

    <p>Development of ulcers and gastrointestinal issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant aspect of the diathesis-stress model?

    <p>Genetic predisposition can influence sensitivity to stressors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary consequence of prolonged activation of physiological systems due to stress?

    <p>Inability to return to homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of modern stressors?

    <p>They are often associated with physical dangers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change occurs during the Alarm Stage of stress according to the General Adaptation Syndrome?

    <p>Increased cortisol and epinephrine release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does the biopsychosocial model NOT include?

    <p>Public health policies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome is stress resistance temporarily high?

    <p>Resistance Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic factor is consistently linked to better health outcomes?

    <p>Higher socioeconomic status (SES)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example best illustrates the psychological aspect of the biopsychosocial model in the context of smoking behavior?

    <p>Rationalizations for continuing to smoke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of health psychology?

    <p>Investigating the interplay of behavior, cognition, and health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological response is NOT typically associated with ongoing stressors during the Exhaustion Stage?

    <p>Strengthened immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do individuals perceive stressors in the biopsychosocial model?

    <p>By subjectively appraising environmental events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of health disparities is commonly influenced by socioeconomic status?

    <p>Access to healthcare and resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key outcome of integrating biopsychosocial perspectives in medical education?

    <p>Holistic patient care approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is most likely associated with individuals perceiving lower socioeconomic status?

    <p>Increased negative emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major health trend has shifted over time according to health psychology?

    <p>Greater focus on behavioral factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of daily hassles on individuals' stress levels?

    <p>They can disrupt the social safety nets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of prolonged stress on sleep according to health psychology?

    <p>Difficulty falling asleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of childhood abuse victims may show no increase in mental health symptoms?

    <p>20-50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome involves mobilizing energy stores for fight or flight response?

    <p>Alarm Reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during stress?

    <p>Chronic stress hormone release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological changes are primarily associated with the activation of the sympathetic-adreno-medullary (SAM) axis?

    <p>Increased heart rate and quickened breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can prolonged stress response lead to if left unmanaged?

    <p>Adrenal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome does the body gear up its defense systems?

    <p>Resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of cortisol released by the HPA axis during stress?

    <p>Increasing blood sugar for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological system is primarily activated in a 'fight or flight' scenario?

    <p>Sympathetic-adreno-medullary (SAM) axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the interaction between the SAM and HPA axes?

    <p>SAM axis primarily manages cardiovascular responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an individual experiences marked inability to adapt to an ongoing stressor, which stage are they likely in?

    <p>Exhaustion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of chronic stress on the body?

    <p>It can lead to mental exhaustion and burnout.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the parasympathetic nervous system play after a stressor has passed?

    <p>It helps restore homeostasis by down-regulating the sympathetic nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by individual differences in stress perception?

    <p>Stress management approaches should be personalized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biopsychosocial Model of Health

    • Health is influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors.
    • Stress is a physiological response to perceived taxing events.
    • Factors contributing to stress include uncertainty, lack of control, and concerns over evaluation by others.

    General Adaptation Syndrome

    • Alarm Stage: Initiates "fight or flight" response; increased heart rate, sweating, and hormone release.
    • Resistance Stage: Enhanced cardiovascular and immune function; temporary high stress resistance.
    • Exhaustion Stage: Can lead to weakened immune system and inability to adapt to ongoing stressors; drastic decline in stress resistance.

    Stress and Health Disparities

    • Health disparities are influenced by demographic factors such as socioeconomic status (SES).
    • Higher SES correlates with better health outcomes due to better access to resources.
    • Individuals with lower perceived SES report negative emotions, higher resting heart rates, and greater obesity risks.

    Health Psychology Overview

    • Health psychology examines psychological and behavioral processes in health and illness.
    • Developed over the past 50 years, incorporating psychological, social, and environmental factors.
    • Investigates risk behaviors and personality traits affecting health.
    • Shift in leading causes of death; modern lifestyle affects health outcomes.
    • Behavioral science is crucial in public health, influencing initiatives like vaccination.

    The Biopsychosocial Model in Practice

    • It targets multiple factors influencing health, allowing for comprehensive health promotion and disease prevention.
    • Example: Smoking behavior is influenced by biological addiction, psychological rationalizations, and social norms.

    Integration in Healthcare

    • Increasing recognition of integrating biopsychosocial perspectives in medical education.
    • Behavioral and social sciences are now part of medical training assessments (MCAT).

    Stress Concepts

    • Stress: A subjective appraisal of an environmental challenge.
    • Stress can arise from catastrophic events, major life changes, and daily hassles.
    • Stress Appraisal Theory: Evaluates how individuals perceive and assess stressful events.

    Perceived Stress and Resilience

    • High perceived stress occurs when demands exceed coping abilities.
    • Resilience in trauma leads to effective coping strategies and less mental health impact.

    General Adaptation Syndrome by Hans Selye

    • Stages: Alarm (fight or flight), Resistance (heightened defense systems), Exhaustion (body's inability to adapt).
    • Chronic stress can be just as harmful as the stressor itself.

    Physiological Response Systems

    • SAM Axis: Immediate stress response, releasing epinephrine for fight or flight; characterized by increased heart rate and blood pressure.
    • HPA Axis: Prolonged response responsible for cortisol release, affecting metabolism and immune function.

    Chronic Stress Effects

    • Evolutionary stress responses suited for short-term threats are maladaptive for modern stress.
    • Chronic stress leads to physical damage and heightened health risks.

    Gene × Environment Interactions

    • Diathesis-Stress Model: Genetic predisposition combines with environmental stress to influence health.
    • Differential Sensitivities Hypothesis: Some individuals are more sensitive to environmental effects due to genetic factors.

    Epigenetics and Stress

    • Life events can alter gene expression (gene methylation).
    • Early environment, such as caregiving, significantly impacts stress response more than genetics alone.

    Conclusion on Stress and Health

    • Understanding interactions between genetic predispositions and environmental factors is key to addressing health issues related to stress.

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    Related Documents

    Stress and Health PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricacies of the Biopsychosocial Model of Health in relation to stress. This quiz delves into physiological responses to environmental stressors and the implications of uncertainty and lack of control. Understand the stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome, including the alarm stage and its impact on health.

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