Biopsychosocial Model in Health

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Questions and Answers

What was the impact of the smoking ban in public places on infarction admissions to a hospital?

Remained the same

Slightly increased

Significantly decreased (correct)

Significantly increased

What was one significant finding of the North Karelia project?

11% lower smoking prevalence after 15 years (correct)

5% lower smoking prevalence after 20 years

15% lower smoking prevalence after 11 years

12% lower smoking prevalence after 10 years

Which factor is suggested to make adolescents' cognitions and behaviors more impulsive?

Neurological under-stimulation

Lower immune function

Delayed brain development (correct)

Higher hormonal activity

Why might adolescents with chronic conditions engage in risky health behaviors?

Due to poorer impulse regulation Signup and view all the answers

How do general practitioners help elderly patients according to the education programme trial?

By increasing their walking and time on pleasurable activities Signup and view all the answers

What intervention method enhanced adherence among older patients?

Forming if-then plans Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the impacts of stressful relationships on health?

Slowed wound healing Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of training showed significant health improvements in a randomized controlled trial with general practitioners?

Social and physical activity promotion Signup and view all the answers

Why is better training needed for health care professionals dealing with adolescents, particularly those with chronic conditions?

Health professionals report less confidence in dealing with adolescents Signup and view all the answers

How long did the significant smoking decrease last in the North Karelia project?

15 years Signup and view all the answers

What does the biopsychosocial model emphasize in terms of health?

Psychological and social aspects Signup and view all the answers

What factors does the biopsychosocial model say shape our well-being and health?

Context, such as where someone is born Signup and view all the answers

In the example given, what societal factor is highlighted as influencing health?

Living conditions and socioeconomic status Signup and view all the answers

According to the biopsychosocial model, what can significantly affect health?

Public policy and legislation Signup and view all the answers

Which systems are considered in the biopsychosocial model in relation to health?

Endocrine, neurological, and cardiovascular systems Signup and view all the answers

What example illustrates how individual and social determinants affect health behaviors?

Difference in life expectancy between poorest and richest areas Signup and view all the answers

What did the former bus driver experience that led him to see a doctor?

Episodes of chest pain Signup and view all the answers

What is a common theme in the biopsychosocial model's approach to health?

Health is influenced by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major differences between human births and those of most animals?

Humans rely more on social interactions during birth Signup and view all the answers

Which model of childbirth emphasizes childbirth as a natural, physiological process?

Psychosocial Signup and view all the answers

According to the psychosocial model, where can childbirth take place?

Outside the hospital Signup and view all the answers

What did the Winterton report of 1992 emphasize regarding childbirth locations?

More choice for women in their birthing place Signup and view all the answers

Under the psychosocial model, who is considered the most desirable birth attendant?

Midwife Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of babies are estimated to be born without any problems?

89% Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of childbirth does the biomedical model emphasize?

Pathology and risk management Signup and view all the answers

What change occurred in the UK's maternity services during the 1990s?

Greater involvement of pregnant women in their care Signup and view all the answers

Who did women believe should be the birth attendant if childbirth is seen as a normal part of the life cycle?

General Practitioner (GP) Signup and view all the answers

What led to the change in political opinion toward childbirth in the late 1980s in the UK?

Advocacy for women's choice in birthing options Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Biopsychosocial Model

The biopsychosocial model considers complex signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management, and acknowledges the impact of psychological and social aspects on health.
Health is influenced by individual perceptions, beliefs, and behaviors, which interact with physical systems, such as the endocrine, neurological, and cardiovascular systems.
The model recognizes that social, psychological, and biological processes interact to create differences in health.

Health Determinants

Individual and social determinants, such as socioeconomic status, shape our well-being and health.
Where someone is born (e.g., city or rural area) can predict their life expectancy.
Public policy and legislation, such as smoking bans, can significantly affect health.

Case Study

A medical student's family background and lifestyle (e.g., smoking, diet, and occupation) influenced his health, leading to heart attacks and angina.
Surgery and subsequent lifestyle changes improved his health, but he remains concerned about his wife's worries.

Prevention of Illness

Political action and legislation, such as smoking bans, can be more effective in changing health behavior than individual-level interventions.
Community culture and resources, such as education and social services, can shape health-related behavior and health.
The North Karelia project (Finland) demonstrated the effectiveness of a comprehensive intervention, including education and community involvement, in reducing smoking prevalence.

Psychological Insights

Adolescents' cognitive and neurological development continues into young adulthood, influencing their behaviors and health decisions.
Health professionals require training to effectively care for and promote health among adolescents, particularly those with chronic conditions.
Educational interventions, such as training for general practitioners, can enhance health outcomes, especially among older patients.

The Life Cycle: Pregnancy and Childbirth

Pregnancy and Childbirth

Human birth is unique, influenced by social interactions, institutions, and cultural practices.
Pregnancy and childbirth can be viewed as normal events in a woman's life cycle (psychosocial model) or as a pathological process requiring technical intervention (biomedical model).

Models of Childbirth

Psychosocial model: normal, physiological, natural process, empowerment, freedom of choice, and potential for delivery outside the hospital.
Biomedical model: pathological, technically focused, risk management, emphasis on interventions, and hospitalization.

Place of Delivery

Maternity services in the UK have shifted from a hospital-centric approach to a more woman-centered approach, encouraging choice and delivery outside obstetric units.

Birth Attendant

The choice of birth attendant depends on the view of childbirth, with obstetricians typically preferred for the biomedical model and midwives or GPs for the psychosocial model.
Midwives have historically been the primary attendants at birth, but have lost control to male doctors over the past three centuries in many industrialized countries.

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Description

The biopsychosocial model is a holistic approach to diagnose and manage health, considering psychological, social and biological factors. It emphasizes the interplay between our perceptions, beliefs, and behavior, and physical systems.