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Questions and Answers
What is the primary structure of a carbohydrate?
What is the primary structure of a carbohydrate?
Which of the following is a dimer of carbohydrates?
Which of the following is a dimer of carbohydrates?
What is the main function of cellulose?
What is the main function of cellulose?
What distinguishes saturated fats from unsaturated fats?
What distinguishes saturated fats from unsaturated fats?
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What is the role of dehydration synthesis in biomolecules?
What is the role of dehydration synthesis in biomolecules?
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What is a common characteristic of all proteins?
What is a common characteristic of all proteins?
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Which structure is primarily responsible for the function of enzymes?
Which structure is primarily responsible for the function of enzymes?
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What key feature distinguishes polysaccharides from monosaccharides?
What key feature distinguishes polysaccharides from monosaccharides?
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Study Notes
Biomolecules
- Biomolecules are essential organic molecules found in living organisms
- These include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
-
Monomers/Polymers:
- Monomers: Sugars (C6H12O6, 1:2:1 ratio)
- Monosaccharides (simple sugars) - Examples: Glucose, Fructose
- Dimers - Disaccharides - Examples: Sucrose, Lactose
- Polymers: Carbohydrates
- Polysaccharides: Examples:
- Starch
- Glycogen
- Cellulose
- Chitin
- Polysaccharides: Examples:
- Monomers: Sugars (C6H12O6, 1:2:1 ratio)
-
Chemical Structure:
- Often ring-shaped
- Contain -OH groups
- Polar molecules
- Ratio of C:H:O is 1:2:1
-
Function:
- Energy storage (polysaccharides, e.g., starch in plants, glycogen in animals)
- Energy source (monosaccharides, e.g., glucose)
- Structural components (e.g., cellulose in plant cell walls)
-
Dehydration Synthesis & Hydrolysis:
- Dehydration synthesis: Monomers join to form polymers, releasing water.
- Hydrolysis: Polymers break down into monomers by adding water
Lipids
-
Monomers/Polymers:
- Monomers: Glycerol, Fatty acids (Lipids found in many forms, worry about 4)
- Polymers: Fats, Oils, Waxes, Phospholipids
-
Chemical Structure:
- Contain a carboxyl group
- Long hydrocarbon chain
- Hydrocarbon chains can have double bonds:
- 0 double bonds = saturated
- 1 double bond = unsaturated
- 2+ double bonds = polyunsaturated
-
Function:
- Long-term energy storage (fats)
- Membrane structural components (phospholipids)
Proteins
-
Monomers/Polymers:
- Monomers: Amino acids
- Dimers: Dipeptides
- Polymers: Proteins, Polypeptides
-
Chemical Structure:
- Central carbon atom
- Attached amino group
- Attached carboxyl group
- Attached hydrogen atom
- Attached R group (20 different R-groups, giving 20 different amino acids)
-
Function:
- Enzymes (catalyze reactions)
- Structure (e.g., muscle, bone)
- Antibodies (immune function)
- Hormones (chemical messengers)
-
Protein Linking:
- Primary structure: Long amino acid chains joined by dehydration synthesis.
- Secondary structure: Forces between neighboring amino acids cause bending or folding (alpha-helix, beta-pleated sheet)
- Tertiary structure: Folding of the secondary structure into a globular shape
- Quaternary structure: Interaction of multiple tertiary proteins
Nucleic Acids
-
Monomers/Polymers:
- Monomer: Nucleotide
- Polymers: DNA, RNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid, Ribonucleic acid)
-
Chemical Structure:
- 5-carbon sugar backbone (ribose or deoxyribose)
- Nitrogenous base (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil)
- Phosphate group
-
Function:
- Source of genetic information
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Description
This quiz explores the essential biomolecules, focusing on carbohydrates. Learn about their monomers and polymers, chemical structure, functions, and the processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. Test your knowledge on simple sugars, starch, and cellulose.
