Biomolecules and Carbohydrates Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the primary elements that make up carbohydrates?

Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (correct)

Carbon, Oxygen, Sulfur

Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates?

Breaking down fatty acids

Providing energy

Synthesizing proteins (correct)

Regulating blood glucose

What process occurs when two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide?

Hydrolysis

Fermentation

Dehydration (correct)

Respiration

Which polysaccharide is primarily known as the main energy source for humans?

Starch Signup and view all the answers

What are monosaccharides?

Building blocks or monomers of carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural component of cell walls in plants?

Cellulose Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carbohydrate is sucrose categorized as?

Disaccharide Signup and view all the answers

What are proteins constructed from?

Amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogenous base is not found in RNA?

Thymine Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes purines from pyrimidines?

Purines have two fused rings. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of lipids?

Act as chemical messengers. Signup and view all the answers

What type of fatty acids must be obtained through diet?

Essential fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about DNA is true?

DNA consists of two strands forming a double helix. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary storage form of energy in lipids?

Triglycerides Signup and view all the answers

Which sugar component is associated with RNA?

Ribose Signup and view all the answers

Unsaturated fatty acids are defined by having what characteristic?

They contain at least one double bond. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lipid is characterized by having three different fatty acid radicals?

Mixed triglycerides Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of phospholipids?

They have one hydrophilic head and two non-polar tails. Signup and view all the answers

Which category of lipids does not contain fatty acids?

Steroids Signup and view all the answers

What type of lipids are derived from simple and compound lipids by hydrolysis?

Derived lipids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lipids is exclusively of plant origin?

Carotenoids Signup and view all the answers

Which lipid category includes compounds like gangliosides and sulfatids?

Glycolipids Signup and view all the answers

How are simple triglycerides characterized?

Having three identical fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallmark of derived lipids?

They can be products of hydrolysis from other lipids. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes essential amino acids?

They are crucial for certain biological functions. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the secondary structure of proteins?

It includes alpha helices and beta pleated sheets. Signup and view all the answers

Which process results in the breakdown of peptide bonds when a protein is exposed to water?

Hydrolysis Signup and view all the answers

What does the tertiary structure of a protein refer to?

The three-dimensional conformation of a protein. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following amino acids is categorized as nonessential?

Aspartic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of proteins in the immune system?

They help produce antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

How does pH affect the solubility of proteins?

Proteins are least soluble at their isoelectric point. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of nucleic acids?

They encode genetic information. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biomolecules

Biomolecules are organic compounds in living systems, typically composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and/or nitrogen.
Carbohydrates are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, existing as linear or cyclic structures, providing energy for organisms.

Carbohydrates - Functions

Providing energy and regulating blood glucose levels
Sparing protein use for energy
Breaking down fatty acids and preventing ketosis
Supporting biological recognition processes
Acting as flavor and sweeteners, contributing to dietary fiber.

Carbohydrates - Classification

Monosaccharides

These are the building blocks of carbohydrates.
Examples include glucose (blood sugar), fructose (fruit sugar), and galactose (brain sugar).
Formula: C₆H₁₂O₆.

Disaccharides

Formed by combining two monosaccharides.
Examples include sucrose (cane sugar; fructose + glucose), lactose (milk sugar; galactose + glucose), and maltose (malt sugar; glucose + glucose).
Formula: C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
The formation of a disaccharide involves dehydration, producing water.

Polysaccharides

Long chains of monosaccharides.
Starch is a major energy source for humans, found in rice, corn, potatoes, and wheat (formula (C₆H₁₀O₅)_x).
Cellulose is a structural component of plant cell walls and wood.

Proteins

Considered the most abundant and complex biomolecules in organisms, composed of amino acids.

Proteins - Function

Acting as catalysts (enzymes)
Providing structural support
Supporting immune function (antibodies)
Facilitating active and passive transport
Driving muscle contraction
Sending signals in the body

Proteins - Amino Acids

Essential Amino Acids

Needed by organisms but not produced by the body.
Examples include histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.

Nonessential Amino Acids

Produced by the body.
Examples include alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine.

Protein Structures

Primary structure: Sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Secondary structure: Regular folding patterns (alpha-helix, beta-pleated sheet) stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
Tertiary structure: Three-dimensional arrangement of a polypeptide chain.
Quaternary structure: Arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains.

Protein Important Processes

Hydrolysis: Breaking down proteins into amino acids using water.
Denaturation: Disruption of a protein's structure due to factors like heat, pH, or detergents.
Dissolution: Protein solubility depends on its isoelectric point.

Nucleic Acids

Informational molecules, encoding genetic instructions and directing protein synthesis.
Composed of nucleotides.
- Nucleotides contain a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
  - Purines (double ring): Adenine, Guanine
  - Pyrimidines (single ring): Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is double-stranded and stores genetic information.
RNA (ribonucleic acid) is single-stranded and involved in protein synthesis.

Lipids

Fatty acids with long chains of saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chains joined to a glycerol compound
Not soluble in water, non-polar compounds.
Oxidized to release large amounts of energy
Chemical messengers, energy storage, important component of cell membranes and insulation
- Fatty acids: Carboxylic acids, structural components of fats, oils, and other lipid categories (saturated/unsaturated)
- Simple/homolipids: Esters of fatty acids and various alcohols, including fats, oils (triglycerides), and waxes
- Compound/heterolipids: Esters of fatty acids, alcohols with additional components like phosphoric acid, carbohydrates, or nitrogenous bases including phospholipids, glycolipids.
- Derived Lipids: Derivatives from simple and compound lipids like steroids and carotenoids, often containing non-hydrolyzable components like steroids (chemical messengers) and carotenoids (pigments)

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Description

Test your knowledge on biomolecules, specifically focusing on carbohydrates. Explore their structures, functions, and classifications including monosaccharides and disaccharides. This quiz will enhance your understanding of how carbohydrates play vital roles in living organisms.