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Questions and Answers
What are the primary elements that make up carbohydrates?
What are the primary elements that make up carbohydrates?
Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates?
Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates?
What process occurs when two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide?
What process occurs when two monosaccharides combine to form a disaccharide?
Which polysaccharide is primarily known as the main energy source for humans?
Which polysaccharide is primarily known as the main energy source for humans?
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What are monosaccharides?
What are monosaccharides?
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What is the structural component of cell walls in plants?
What is the structural component of cell walls in plants?
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Which type of carbohydrate is sucrose categorized as?
Which type of carbohydrate is sucrose categorized as?
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What are proteins constructed from?
What are proteins constructed from?
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Which nitrogenous base is not found in RNA?
Which nitrogenous base is not found in RNA?
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What characteristic distinguishes purines from pyrimidines?
What characteristic distinguishes purines from pyrimidines?
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Which of the following is a function of lipids?
Which of the following is a function of lipids?
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What type of fatty acids must be obtained through diet?
What type of fatty acids must be obtained through diet?
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Which statement about DNA is true?
Which statement about DNA is true?
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What is the primary storage form of energy in lipids?
What is the primary storage form of energy in lipids?
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Which sugar component is associated with RNA?
Which sugar component is associated with RNA?
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Unsaturated fatty acids are defined by having what characteristic?
Unsaturated fatty acids are defined by having what characteristic?
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Which type of lipid is characterized by having three different fatty acid radicals?
Which type of lipid is characterized by having three different fatty acid radicals?
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What is a defining feature of phospholipids?
What is a defining feature of phospholipids?
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Which category of lipids does not contain fatty acids?
Which category of lipids does not contain fatty acids?
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What type of lipids are derived from simple and compound lipids by hydrolysis?
What type of lipids are derived from simple and compound lipids by hydrolysis?
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Which of the following lipids is exclusively of plant origin?
Which of the following lipids is exclusively of plant origin?
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Which lipid category includes compounds like gangliosides and sulfatids?
Which lipid category includes compounds like gangliosides and sulfatids?
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How are simple triglycerides characterized?
How are simple triglycerides characterized?
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What is a hallmark of derived lipids?
What is a hallmark of derived lipids?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes essential amino acids?
Which of the following statements accurately describes essential amino acids?
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What best describes the secondary structure of proteins?
What best describes the secondary structure of proteins?
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Which process results in the breakdown of peptide bonds when a protein is exposed to water?
Which process results in the breakdown of peptide bonds when a protein is exposed to water?
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What does the tertiary structure of a protein refer to?
What does the tertiary structure of a protein refer to?
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Which of the following amino acids is categorized as nonessential?
Which of the following amino acids is categorized as nonessential?
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What is the role of proteins in the immune system?
What is the role of proteins in the immune system?
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How does pH affect the solubility of proteins?
How does pH affect the solubility of proteins?
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What is the primary function of nucleic acids?
What is the primary function of nucleic acids?
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Study Notes
Biomolecules
- Biomolecules are organic compounds in living systems, typically composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and/or nitrogen.
- Carbohydrates are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, existing as linear or cyclic structures, providing energy for organisms.
Carbohydrates - Functions
- Providing energy and regulating blood glucose levels
- Sparing protein use for energy
- Breaking down fatty acids and preventing ketosis
- Supporting biological recognition processes
- Acting as flavor and sweeteners, contributing to dietary fiber.
Carbohydrates - Classification
Monosaccharides
- These are the building blocks of carbohydrates.
- Examples include glucose (blood sugar), fructose (fruit sugar), and galactose (brain sugar).
- Formula: C6H12O6.
Disaccharides
- Formed by combining two monosaccharides.
- Examples include sucrose (cane sugar; fructose + glucose), lactose (milk sugar; galactose + glucose), and maltose (malt sugar; glucose + glucose).
- Formula: C12H22O11
- The formation of a disaccharide involves dehydration, producing water.
Polysaccharides
- Long chains of monosaccharides.
- Starch is a major energy source for humans, found in rice, corn, potatoes, and wheat (formula (C6H10O5)x).
- Cellulose is a structural component of plant cell walls and wood.
Proteins
- Considered the most abundant and complex biomolecules in organisms, composed of amino acids.
Proteins - Function
- Acting as catalysts (enzymes)
- Providing structural support
- Supporting immune function (antibodies)
- Facilitating active and passive transport
- Driving muscle contraction
- Sending signals in the body
Proteins - Amino Acids
Essential Amino Acids
- Needed by organisms but not produced by the body.
- Examples include histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
Nonessential Amino Acids
- Produced by the body.
- Examples include alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine.
Protein Structures
- Primary structure: Sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
- Secondary structure: Regular folding patterns (alpha-helix, beta-pleated sheet) stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
- Tertiary structure: Three-dimensional arrangement of a polypeptide chain.
- Quaternary structure: Arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains.
Protein Important Processes
- Hydrolysis: Breaking down proteins into amino acids using water.
- Denaturation: Disruption of a protein's structure due to factors like heat, pH, or detergents.
- Dissolution: Protein solubility depends on its isoelectric point.
Nucleic Acids
- Informational molecules, encoding genetic instructions and directing protein synthesis.
- Composed of nucleotides.
- Nucleotides contain a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
- Purines (double ring): Adenine, Guanine
- Pyrimidines (single ring): Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
- Nucleotides contain a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is double-stranded and stores genetic information.
- RNA (ribonucleic acid) is single-stranded and involved in protein synthesis.
Lipids
- Fatty acids with long chains of saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chains joined to a glycerol compound
- Not soluble in water, non-polar compounds.
- Oxidized to release large amounts of energy
- Chemical messengers, energy storage, important component of cell membranes and insulation
- Fatty acids: Carboxylic acids, structural components of fats, oils, and other lipid categories (saturated/unsaturated)
- Simple/homolipids: Esters of fatty acids and various alcohols, including fats, oils (triglycerides), and waxes
- Compound/heterolipids: Esters of fatty acids, alcohols with additional components like phosphoric acid, carbohydrates, or nitrogenous bases including phospholipids, glycolipids.
- Derived Lipids: Derivatives from simple and compound lipids like steroids and carotenoids, often containing non-hydrolyzable components like steroids (chemical messengers) and carotenoids (pigments)
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Description
Test your knowledge on biomolecules, specifically focusing on carbohydrates. Explore their structures, functions, and classifications including monosaccharides and disaccharides. This quiz will enhance your understanding of how carbohydrates play vital roles in living organisms.
