Biomolecules and Carbohydrates Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following elements is NOT commonly found in biomolecules?

  • Copper (correct)
  • Sulfur
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen

What is the primary monomer for carbohydrates?

  • Amino Acids
  • Monosaccharides (correct)
  • Nucleotides
  • Fatty Acids

Which of the following carbohydrates is a disaccharide?

  • Glycogen
  • Fructose
  • Lactose (correct)
  • Galactose

What carbohydrate serves as the primary storage form of glucose in animals?

<p>Glycogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ratio of elements is characteristic of carbohydrates?

<p>1:2:1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when two or more atoms are held together by a bond?

<p>Molecule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond occurs when atoms share electrons?

<p>Covalent Bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a polar covalent bond?

<p>Electrons are shared unequally (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed between Na+ and Cl- in NaCl?

<p>Ionic Bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding ion formation?

<p>Anions are formed by gaining electrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes hydrogen bonds?

<p>They occur between δ+ hydrogen and δ- nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to sodium chloride (NaCl) when it is placed in water?

<p>It dissociates into Na+ and Cl- ions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a covalent bond from an ionic bond?

<p>Covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of bond is formed when two oxygen atoms come together?

<p>Nonpolar covalent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction where Na reacts with Cl, what happens to Na?

<p>Gives up one electron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing the rate of chemical reactions?

<p>pH level (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reaction is described by the following equation: AB → A + B?

<p>Decomposition reaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the sum of all chemical reactions in a cell or organism?

<p>Metabolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes organic compounds?

<p>Contain carbon and hydrogen, often large and complex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during chemical reactions?

<p>New bonds are formed or existing bonds are broken (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ion forms when Na loses an electron?

<p>Cation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number of an element defined as?

<p>The number of protons in the nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes neutrons?

<p>They have a mass of 1 amu and no charge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics describe a colloid?

<p>Remains mixed when left alone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of hydrophobic substances?

<p>They do not dissolve in water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason an atom is considered reactive?

<p>It has fewer than 8 electrons in its outermost shell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a buffer function in a biological context?

<p>It prevents drastic changes in pH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes isotopes from one another?

<p>Differences in their mass number due to varying neutrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons can fit in the highest energy level shell (the outermost shell)?

<p>8 or more electrons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of having a blood pH outside the normal range of 7.35 to 7.45?

<p>Decreased enzyme activity and potential denaturation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the concept of 'like dissolves like'?

<p>Polar and nonpolar substances do not mix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which subatomic particle carries a charge of +1?

<p>Protons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'valence shell' refer to?

<p>The outermost electron shell that determines an atom's reactivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compounds are always considered hydrophilic?

<p>Ionic compounds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be an example of a mixture that does not scatter light?

<p>Solution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is classified as a minor element in the human body?

<p>Iron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of amphipathic molecules?

<p>They have both polar and nonpolar regions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of triglycerides in the human body?

<p>Energy storage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes saturated fatty acids from unsaturated fatty acids?

<p>Presence of double bonds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the structure of phospholipids?

<p>Glycerol, one phosphate group, and two fatty acid chains (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond connects amino acids together in proteins?

<p>Peptide bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of lipids serves as local signaling molecules and chemical messengers?

<p>Eicosanoids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cholesterol within cell membranes?

<p>Structural component (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common characteristic do nucleotides, amino acids, and monosaccharides share?

<p>They are monomers that combine to form polymers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether an amino acid is hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

<p>The specific R group or side chain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is characterized by multiple polypeptide chains coming together?

<p>Quaternary structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?

<p>Energy storage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Atom: What is it?

The smallest stable unit of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical means.

Atom's Nucleus: What's in the center?

The central core of an atom containing protons and neutrons.

Protons: What's their role?

Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

Neutrons: What's their role?

Neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

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Electrons: Where do they roam & What's their charge?

Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom in specific energy levels called shells.

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Atomic Number: What does it represent?

The number of protons in an atom, determining the element it represents.

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Atomic Mass: How is it calculated?

The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom, representing its mass.

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Atomic Weight: What's the average of?

The average mass of all isotopes of an element, taking abundance into account.

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What is a molecule?

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

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What is a compound?

Two or more atoms of different elements held together by chemical bonds.

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What is an ion?

An atom or molecule with an electrical charge.

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What is a cation?

An ion that has lost one or more electrons and has a positive charge.

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What is an anion?

An ion that has gained one or more electrons and has a negative charge.

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What is a covalent bond?

A chemical bond formed between two atoms through the sharing of electrons.

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What is an ionic bond?

A chemical bond formed when a cation and an anion are attracted to each other due to opposite charges.

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What is a hydrogen bond?

A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom (N, O, or F).

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Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons equally.

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Polar Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons unequally, resulting in a slightly positive and slightly negative end.

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Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions occurring within a cell or organism.

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Catalyst

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed itself.

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Enzyme

A biological catalyst, typically a protein, that speeds up specific chemical reactions in living organisms.

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Combination Reaction

A chemical reaction where two or more reactants combine to form a larger product.

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Decomposition Reaction

A chemical reaction where a larger reactant breaks down into smaller products.

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Exchange Reaction

A chemical reaction where bonds are both broken and formed, resulting in the exchange of atoms between reactants.

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Polymers

Large molecules made up of repeating subunits called monomers.

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Monosaccharides

Simple sugars that are the building blocks of carbohydrates.

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Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides joined together.

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Polysaccharides

More than two monosaccharides linked together, forming complex carbohydrates.

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Glucose

The primary energy source for the body, stored as glycogen.

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Hydrophilic

Substances that dissolve in water. They are attracted to water molecules due to their polar nature.

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Hydrophobic

Substances that do not dissolve in water. They are repelled by water molecules due to their nonpolar nature.

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Like dissolves like

The principle that states that substances with similar polarities tend to dissolve in each other.

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Amphipathic

Substances that have both polar and nonpolar regions. They partially dissolve in water.

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Suspension

A mixture where particles are too large to stay mixed and settle out over time. It scatters light, making it appear cloudy.

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Colloid

A mixture where larger particles remain dispersed and don’t settle out. It scatters light, making it appear cloudy.

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Solution

A homogenous mixture where the solute dissolves completely in the solvent. It does not scatter light and is clear.

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pH Scale

A measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. A scale from 0-14, where 7 is neutral, below 7 is acidic, and above 7 is basic.

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Starch

A complex carbohydrate made of many glucose molecules, primarily found in plants; digestible by humans.

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Cellulose

A complex carbohydrate made of many glucose molecules, primarily found in plants; indigestible by humans due to a lack of the necessary enzyme.

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Lipids

A diverse group of organic compounds characterized by their high carbon-to-hydrogen ratio, making them hydrophobic and primarily composed of chains of fatty acids.

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Fatty Acids

Hydrocarbon chains with a hydrophilic 'head' containing a carboxyl group and a hydrophobic 'tail' consisting of a long carbon chain.

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Triglycerides

A lipid formed from a glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acid chains. The most common form of fat in our diet and body.

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Phospholipids

A lipid composed of a glycerol molecule, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group; play a crucial role in forming cell membranes due to their unique structure.

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Eicosanoids

Signaling molecules derived from arachidonic acid, used for local communication within the body. Important for a variety of processes like inflammation, pain, and clotting.

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Steroids

Steroids are lipids characterized by a unique four-ring structure. Cholesterol is the most important steroid. They play crucial roles in hormone production, cell membrane structure, and digestion.

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Proteins

The most abundant organic molecules in the body, composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (sometimes sulfur and phosphorus), with their unique shape determining their function.

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Amino Acids

The building block of proteins, consisting of a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a unique 'R' group. It is the 'R' group that determines an amino acid's properties and function.

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Study Notes

Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization

  • The chapter focuses on the chemical building blocks of life, including atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds. It also examines various types of bonds, water's properties, pH, acids, bases, and buffers. Finally, it covers organic molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Goals

  • Atoms: Understand charge, mass, and location of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Relate electron shell number to chemical stability and bonding ability. Explain ion formation.

  • Bonding: Categorize types of bonds (nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, hydrogen) by strength. Explain the mechanisms of each. Provide biological significance.

  • Water: Detail physiologically important properties of water. Differentiate solution, solute, solvent, suspension, and emulsion. Define salt and give examples of physiological significance.

  • pH: Define and give examples of the significance of pH, acids, bases, and buffers related to physiology.

  • Organic Molecules: Explain the relationship between monomers and polymers. Identify, compare, and contrast carbohydrates (including monosaccharides , disaccharides and polysaccharides), proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Explain the importance of protein shape for protein function.

    • Describe enzymatic activity including denaturation.
    • Define the generalized ATP reaction and its role in cellular energy.
    • Identify major and non-major elements in the human body (by elemental symbol)

Atoms and Elements

  • Matter: Anything that takes up space and has mass; exists in solid, liquid, and gas states.
  • Mass: Amount of material in a substance, directly related to weight.
  • Atom: The building block of matter; the smallest stable non-living unit.
  • Subatomic particles: Protons (positive charge, one amu), neutrons (no charge, one amu), and electrons (negative charge, nearly 0 amu).
  • Protons and neutrons found in the nucleus.
  • Electrons are in shells/clouds around the nucleus.

Elements

  • Element: A pure substance that consists of only one type of atom.
  • Elements have unique properties.
  • Elements are identified by specific symbols and atomic numbers.
  • In the human body, some major elements include: oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), and phosphorous (P).
  • Minor elements include sulfur (S), potassium (K), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe).

Atomic Structure

  • Atomic number: Number of protons in an atom.
  • Mass number: Total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
  • Atomic mass/weight: Average mass of all isotopes of an element given in amu.
  • Isotopes: Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.

Chemical Bonds

  • Bonds form when atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve stability.
  • Ionic bonds: Occurs when one atom loses electron(s) to another, which gains electron(s). Creates ions with opposite charges that attract.
  • Covalent bonds: Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
    • Nonpolar covalent: Electrons shared equally.
    • Polar covalent: Electrons shared unequally leading to slightly positive and slightly negative charges (polar bonds).
  • Hydrogen bonds: Weak attraction between hydrogen atom of one polar molecule and electronegative atom (O, N, or F) of another polar molecule.

Water Properties

  • Water is important because of its polar nature and ability to form hydrogen bonds. A unique molecule in which oppositely charges sides are attracted to each other.
  • Reactivity and Lubrication: Water is involved in many biological reactions and functions as a lubricant.
  • High specific heat: Water absorbs a lot of heat before its temperature increases, helping stabilize body temperature.
  • Water's high-specific heat is due to the strong hydrogen bonds between the water molecules. It takes a lot of energy to disrupt these hydrogen bonds and increase water's temperature.
  • These hydrogen bonds allow water to remain liquid over a broad temperature range, which maintains homeostasis in living beings.

Ions and Ion Formation

  • Ions are atoms that have lost or gained one or more electrons to achieve a charge.
  • Cations are positively charged ions.
  • Anions are negatively charged ions.

Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions

  • Solutions: Homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances; the solute dissolves into the solvent.
  • Colloids: Heterogeneous mixtures; the dispersed particles are too large to be considered a true solution, large enough to scatter light.
  • Suspensions: Heterogeneous mixtures with large particles; the particles settle out over time,.

pH, Acids, and Bases

  • pH: A measure of the concentration of H+ ions in a solution, commonly on a scale of 0 to 14.
  • Acids: Substances that release H+ ions into a solution; lower pH.
  • Bases: Substances that accept H+ ions or release OH- ions into a solution; higher pH.
  • Buffers: Substances that resist changes in pH.

Organic Molecules (Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids)

  • Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in a 1:2:1 ratio.
    • Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are the simplest form.
    • Disaccharides are formed by joining two monosaccharides.
    • Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates formed by joining multiple monosaccharides.
  • Proteins are composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
    • Amino acids have a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable R group.
    • Proteins have specific shapes that determine their functions.
  • Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules.
    • Fats, oils, and waxes are examples of lipids.
  • Nucleic Acids store and transmit genetic information.
    • DNA and RNA are the primary nucleic acids.

Enzymes

  • Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions in living organisms.
  • They accelerate chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to begin the reaction.
  • Enzyme activity is influenced by factors such as temperature, pH, and substrate concentration.

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Chapter 2 The Chemical Level of Organization - PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on biomolecules, particularly carbohydrates, with this quiz. You'll explore essential concepts such as common elements in biomolecules and the structure of carbohydrates. Challenge yourself with questions on monosaccharides, disaccharides, and their functions in living organisms.

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