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Questions and Answers
Which of the following elements is NOT commonly found in biomolecules?
Which of the following elements is NOT commonly found in biomolecules?
What is the primary monomer for carbohydrates?
What is the primary monomer for carbohydrates?
Which of the following carbohydrates is a disaccharide?
Which of the following carbohydrates is a disaccharide?
What carbohydrate serves as the primary storage form of glucose in animals?
What carbohydrate serves as the primary storage form of glucose in animals?
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What ratio of elements is characteristic of carbohydrates?
What ratio of elements is characteristic of carbohydrates?
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What is formed when two or more atoms are held together by a bond?
What is formed when two or more atoms are held together by a bond?
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Which type of bond occurs when atoms share electrons?
Which type of bond occurs when atoms share electrons?
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What characterizes a polar covalent bond?
What characterizes a polar covalent bond?
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What type of bond is formed between Na+ and Cl- in NaCl?
What type of bond is formed between Na+ and Cl- in NaCl?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding ion formation?
Which of the following statements is true regarding ion formation?
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Which of the following describes hydrogen bonds?
Which of the following describes hydrogen bonds?
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What happens to sodium chloride (NaCl) when it is placed in water?
What happens to sodium chloride (NaCl) when it is placed in water?
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What distinguishes a covalent bond from an ionic bond?
What distinguishes a covalent bond from an ionic bond?
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What kind of bond is formed when two oxygen atoms come together?
What kind of bond is formed when two oxygen atoms come together?
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In the reaction where Na reacts with Cl, what happens to Na?
In the reaction where Na reacts with Cl, what happens to Na?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing the rate of chemical reactions?
Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing the rate of chemical reactions?
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Which type of reaction is described by the following equation: AB → A + B?
Which type of reaction is described by the following equation: AB → A + B?
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What term is used to describe the sum of all chemical reactions in a cell or organism?
What term is used to describe the sum of all chemical reactions in a cell or organism?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes organic compounds?
Which of the following statements correctly describes organic compounds?
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What happens during chemical reactions?
What happens during chemical reactions?
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Which ion forms when Na loses an electron?
Which ion forms when Na loses an electron?
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What is the atomic number of an element defined as?
What is the atomic number of an element defined as?
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Which of the following accurately describes neutrons?
Which of the following accurately describes neutrons?
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Which of the following characteristics describe a colloid?
Which of the following characteristics describe a colloid?
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What is a characteristic feature of hydrophobic substances?
What is a characteristic feature of hydrophobic substances?
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What is the primary reason an atom is considered reactive?
What is the primary reason an atom is considered reactive?
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How does a buffer function in a biological context?
How does a buffer function in a biological context?
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What distinguishes isotopes from one another?
What distinguishes isotopes from one another?
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How many electrons can fit in the highest energy level shell (the outermost shell)?
How many electrons can fit in the highest energy level shell (the outermost shell)?
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What is the consequence of having a blood pH outside the normal range of 7.35 to 7.45?
What is the consequence of having a blood pH outside the normal range of 7.35 to 7.45?
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Which statement best describes the concept of 'like dissolves like'?
Which statement best describes the concept of 'like dissolves like'?
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Which subatomic particle carries a charge of +1?
Which subatomic particle carries a charge of +1?
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What does the term 'valence shell' refer to?
What does the term 'valence shell' refer to?
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Which compounds are always considered hydrophilic?
Which compounds are always considered hydrophilic?
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What would be an example of a mixture that does not scatter light?
What would be an example of a mixture that does not scatter light?
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Which of the following elements is classified as a minor element in the human body?
Which of the following elements is classified as a minor element in the human body?
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What is a defining feature of amphipathic molecules?
What is a defining feature of amphipathic molecules?
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What is the primary function of triglycerides in the human body?
What is the primary function of triglycerides in the human body?
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What distinguishes saturated fatty acids from unsaturated fatty acids?
What distinguishes saturated fatty acids from unsaturated fatty acids?
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Which of the following correctly describes the structure of phospholipids?
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of phospholipids?
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What type of bond connects amino acids together in proteins?
What type of bond connects amino acids together in proteins?
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Which class of lipids serves as local signaling molecules and chemical messengers?
Which class of lipids serves as local signaling molecules and chemical messengers?
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What is the role of cholesterol within cell membranes?
What is the role of cholesterol within cell membranes?
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What common characteristic do nucleotides, amino acids, and monosaccharides share?
What common characteristic do nucleotides, amino acids, and monosaccharides share?
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What determines whether an amino acid is hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
What determines whether an amino acid is hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
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Which structure is characterized by multiple polypeptide chains coming together?
Which structure is characterized by multiple polypeptide chains coming together?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?
Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?
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Study Notes
Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization
- The chapter focuses on the chemical building blocks of life, including atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds. It also examines various types of bonds, water's properties, pH, acids, bases, and buffers. Finally, it covers organic molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Goals
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Atoms: Understand charge, mass, and location of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Relate electron shell number to chemical stability and bonding ability. Explain ion formation.
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Bonding: Categorize types of bonds (nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, hydrogen) by strength. Explain the mechanisms of each. Provide biological significance.
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Water: Detail physiologically important properties of water. Differentiate solution, solute, solvent, suspension, and emulsion. Define salt and give examples of physiological significance.
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pH: Define and give examples of the significance of pH, acids, bases, and buffers related to physiology.
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Organic Molecules: Explain the relationship between monomers and polymers. Identify, compare, and contrast carbohydrates (including monosaccharides , disaccharides and polysaccharides), proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Explain the importance of protein shape for protein function.
- Describe enzymatic activity including denaturation.
- Define the generalized ATP reaction and its role in cellular energy.
- Identify major and non-major elements in the human body (by elemental symbol)
Atoms and Elements
- Matter: Anything that takes up space and has mass; exists in solid, liquid, and gas states.
- Mass: Amount of material in a substance, directly related to weight.
- Atom: The building block of matter; the smallest stable non-living unit.
- Subatomic particles: Protons (positive charge, one amu), neutrons (no charge, one amu), and electrons (negative charge, nearly 0 amu).
- Protons and neutrons found in the nucleus.
- Electrons are in shells/clouds around the nucleus.
Elements
- Element: A pure substance that consists of only one type of atom.
- Elements have unique properties.
- Elements are identified by specific symbols and atomic numbers.
- In the human body, some major elements include: oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), and phosphorous (P).
- Minor elements include sulfur (S), potassium (K), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe).
Atomic Structure
- Atomic number: Number of protons in an atom.
- Mass number: Total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
- Atomic mass/weight: Average mass of all isotopes of an element given in amu.
- Isotopes: Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
Chemical Bonds
- Bonds form when atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve stability.
- Ionic bonds: Occurs when one atom loses electron(s) to another, which gains electron(s). Creates ions with opposite charges that attract.
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Covalent bonds: Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
- Nonpolar covalent: Electrons shared equally.
- Polar covalent: Electrons shared unequally leading to slightly positive and slightly negative charges (polar bonds).
- Hydrogen bonds: Weak attraction between hydrogen atom of one polar molecule and electronegative atom (O, N, or F) of another polar molecule.
Water Properties
- Water is important because of its polar nature and ability to form hydrogen bonds. A unique molecule in which oppositely charges sides are attracted to each other.
- Reactivity and Lubrication: Water is involved in many biological reactions and functions as a lubricant.
- High specific heat: Water absorbs a lot of heat before its temperature increases, helping stabilize body temperature.
- Water's high-specific heat is due to the strong hydrogen bonds between the water molecules. It takes a lot of energy to disrupt these hydrogen bonds and increase water's temperature.
- These hydrogen bonds allow water to remain liquid over a broad temperature range, which maintains homeostasis in living beings.
Ions and Ion Formation
- Ions are atoms that have lost or gained one or more electrons to achieve a charge.
- Cations are positively charged ions.
- Anions are negatively charged ions.
Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions
- Solutions: Homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances; the solute dissolves into the solvent.
- Colloids: Heterogeneous mixtures; the dispersed particles are too large to be considered a true solution, large enough to scatter light.
- Suspensions: Heterogeneous mixtures with large particles; the particles settle out over time,.
pH, Acids, and Bases
- pH: A measure of the concentration of H+ ions in a solution, commonly on a scale of 0 to 14.
- Acids: Substances that release H+ ions into a solution; lower pH.
- Bases: Substances that accept H+ ions or release OH- ions into a solution; higher pH.
- Buffers: Substances that resist changes in pH.
Organic Molecules (Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids)
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Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in a 1:2:1 ratio.
- Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are the simplest form.
- Disaccharides are formed by joining two monosaccharides.
- Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates formed by joining multiple monosaccharides.
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Proteins are composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
- Amino acids have a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable R group.
- Proteins have specific shapes that determine their functions.
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Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules.
- Fats, oils, and waxes are examples of lipids.
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Nucleic Acids store and transmit genetic information.
- DNA and RNA are the primary nucleic acids.
Enzymes
- Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions in living organisms.
- They accelerate chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to begin the reaction.
- Enzyme activity is influenced by factors such as temperature, pH, and substrate concentration.
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Description
Test your knowledge on biomolecules, particularly carbohydrates, with this quiz. You'll explore essential concepts such as common elements in biomolecules and the structure of carbohydrates. Challenge yourself with questions on monosaccharides, disaccharides, and their functions in living organisms.
