Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of mitosis?
What is the main purpose of mitosis?
Cytokinesis occurs after mitosis is completed.
Cytokinesis occurs after mitosis is completed.
False
What structure forms during cytokinesis to pinch the cells into two parts?
What structure forms during cytokinesis to pinch the cells into two parts?
cleavage furrow
During _____, chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell on the metaphase plate.
During _____, chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell on the metaphase plate.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the stages of mitosis with their corresponding events:
Match the stages of mitosis with their corresponding events:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of DNA replication?
What is the primary purpose of DNA replication?
Signup and view all the answers
Transcription involves the translation of a base sequence of nucleic acid into an amino acid sequence.
Transcription involves the translation of a base sequence of nucleic acid into an amino acid sequence.
Signup and view all the answers
What does it mean when a mutation occurs in an organism?
What does it mean when a mutation occurs in an organism?
Signup and view all the answers
In DNA base pairing, adenine (A) always bonds with __________.
In DNA base pairing, adenine (A) always bonds with __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following processes with their descriptions:
Match the following processes with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
What type of muscle tissue is found only in the heart?
What type of muscle tissue is found only in the heart?
Signup and view all the answers
Smooth muscle tissue is under voluntary control.
Smooth muscle tissue is under voluntary control.
Signup and view all the answers
What is another name for the skin?
What is another name for the skin?
Signup and view all the answers
The majority of blood volume is made up of __________.
The majority of blood volume is made up of __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the type of connective tissue with its example:
Match the type of connective tissue with its example:
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of muscle tissue has striations and is multinucleated?
Which type of muscle tissue has striations and is multinucleated?
Signup and view all the answers
Areolar tissue is categorized as a type of dense connective tissue.
Areolar tissue is categorized as a type of dense connective tissue.
Signup and view all the answers
What type of muscle is responsible for peristalsis?
What type of muscle is responsible for peristalsis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which sugar is present in RNA?
Which sugar is present in RNA?
Signup and view all the answers
DNA is a single-stranded helix.
DNA is a single-stranded helix.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the four bases found in DNA?
What are the four bases found in DNA?
Signup and view all the answers
The hydrophobic part of a phospholipid is the ______.
The hydrophobic part of a phospholipid is the ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following solutions with their effects on cells:
Match the following solutions with their effects on cells:
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of RNA is responsible for carrying the message from DNA for protein synthesis?
Which type of RNA is responsible for carrying the message from DNA for protein synthesis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of codons?
What is the role of codons?
Signup and view all the answers
The plasma membrane is permeable to all substances.
The plasma membrane is permeable to all substances.
Signup and view all the answers
What structure surrounds the hair shaft and provides a blood supply to the hair bulb?
What structure surrounds the hair shaft and provides a blood supply to the hair bulb?
Signup and view all the answers
Melanocytes are responsible for providing the structure of the hair.
Melanocytes are responsible for providing the structure of the hair.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the arrector pili muscle?
What is the primary function of the arrector pili muscle?
Signup and view all the answers
The deepest layer of the epidermis is the ______.
The deepest layer of the epidermis is the ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the type of burn with its description:
Match the type of burn with its description:
Signup and view all the answers
Which epidermis layer is only found in thick, hairless skin?
Which epidermis layer is only found in thick, hairless skin?
Signup and view all the answers
A third-degree burn is characterized by redness and blistering.
A third-degree burn is characterized by redness and blistering.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the primary colors of melanin?
What are the primary colors of melanin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of a long bone primarily contains yellow marrow in adults?
Which part of a long bone primarily contains yellow marrow in adults?
Signup and view all the answers
The periosteum is a fibrous membrane that covers the inner surface of the diaphysis.
The periosteum is a fibrous membrane that covers the inner surface of the diaphysis.
Signup and view all the answers
What type of cartilage makes up the articular cartilage found at the ends of long bones?
What type of cartilage makes up the articular cartilage found at the ends of long bones?
Signup and view all the answers
The outer covering of the diaphysis is known as the ______.
The outer covering of the diaphysis is known as the ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following types of fractures with their descriptions:
Match the following types of fractures with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following functions is NOT a role of the skeletal system?
Which of the following functions is NOT a role of the skeletal system?
Signup and view all the answers
The epiphyseal plate is found in adult bones and is responsible for lengthwise growth.
The epiphyseal plate is found in adult bones and is responsible for lengthwise growth.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process called when blood cell formation occurs within the bone?
What is the process called when blood cell formation occurs within the bone?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Levels of Organization in the Human Body
- Cells are the smallest units
- Tissues are groups of similar cells
- Organs are structures composed of tissues
- Organ systems work together for a common function
- Organisms are complete living beings
Organ Systems and Their Functions
-
Integumentary System: Forms the external covering (skin, hair, nails).
- Waterproofs the body
- Cushions and protects deeper tissue
- Regulates body temperature
- Vitamin D production
- Excretes salts
-
Skeletal System: Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints.
- Provides muscle attachment for movement
- Protects vital organs
- Site of blood cell formation
- Stores minerals (e.g., calcium)
-
Muscular System: Consists of skeletal muscles enabling movement of bones.
- Skeletal muscles contract (shorten) to produce movement
-
Nervous System: Control system of the body.
- Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors
- Responds to internal/external changes
- Sends messages to central nervous system for processing
- Activates effectors (muscles/glands)
-
Endocrine System: Regulates body functions via hormones.
- Secretes chemical messengers (hormones) into the blood
- Controls a variety of body functions, including growth and reproduction
- Cardiovascular System: Circulates blood throughout the body
- Heart pumps blood through vessels to tissues
- Blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hormones
- Blood contains white blood cells for protection
- Lymphatic System: Complements the cardiovascular system
- Returns leaked fluids to bloodstream.
- Houses white blood cells for immunity
-
Respiratory System: Facilitates gas exchange
- Exchanges gases with the bloodstream
- Supplies body with oxygen
- Removes carbon dioxide
-
Digestive System: Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.
- Breaks down food to allow for nutrient absorption into blood
- Eliminates waste as feces
-
Urinary System: Removes waste, maintains acid-base balance, and regulates water/electrolytes.
- Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
- Maintains acid-base balance
- Regulates water and electrolyte balance.
- Reproductive System: Enables reproduction
- Males: testes, scrotum, accessory glands, duct system
- Females: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus
Anatomical Position
- The body is standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward, and feet parallel
Directional Terms
- Superior/cranial/cephalic: Toward the head
- Inferior/caudal: Away from the head
- Anterior/ventral: Toward the front
- Posterior/dorsal: Toward the back
- Medial: Toward the midline
- Lateral: Away from the midline
- Proximal: Closer to the trunk
- Distal: Farther from the trunk
- Superficial: Toward the body surface
- Deep: Away from the body surface
Body Cavities
-
Dorsal Body Cavity: Houses the brain and spinal cord
- Cranial cavity: Houses the brain
- Spinal cavity: Houses the spinal cord
-
Ventral Body Cavity: Houses most organs.
- Thoracic Cavity: Superior to the diaphragm. Heart, lungs, trachea, and more
- Abdominopelvic Cavity: Inferior to the diaphragm. Stomach, liver, intestines, and more
Positive and Negative Feedback Loops
- Positive feedback: Amplifies a response (e.g., childbirth, blood clotting).
- Negative feedback: Revereses a change and maintains a set point (e.g., regulating body temperature).
Types of Energy
- Mechanical energy: Associated with motion or position
- Thermal energy: Associated with temperature
Substances in Living Organisms
- Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
Isotopes and Radioisotopes
- Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different neutron numbers
- Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes that decompose to more stable isotopes.
Ions (Cations and Anions)
- Ions: Charged particles (gain/loss of electrons).
- Cations: Positively charged ions
- Anions: Negatively charged ions
Types of Bonds
- Ionic Bonds: Formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
- Covalent Bonds: Atoms share electrons, forming either single, double or triple covalent bonds
Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Molecules
- Polar Molecules: Uneven distribution of charge.
- Nonpolar Molecules: Even distribution of charge.
Hydrolysis
- Hydrolysis: Breakdown of complex molecules by adding water, important in digestion and metabolism
Organic Compounds
- Organic compounds (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) contain carbon and hydrogen.
pH Scale
- A scale to measure acidity or alkalinity; a pH of 7 is neutral, lower numbers are acidic, higher numbers are alkaline.
- Human blood is approximately a neutral pH of 7.
Types of Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides: Simple sugars.
- Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides joined together.
- Polysaccharides: Many monosaccharides joined together.
DNA and RNA
- DNA: Stores genetic information.
- RNA: Carries out DNA's instructions
Phospholipids
- Phospholipids: have a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails, are crucial for cell membranes.
Plasma Membranes
- Selectively permeable; they allow certain molecules or ions to cross.
Types of Transport Across Plasma Membranes
- Passive transport: Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient without energy input.
- Active transport: Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient with energy input (ATP).
Solutions (Isotonic, Hypotonic, Hypertonic)
- Isotonic: Same solute concentration as the cell, water moves in and out equally.
- Hypotonic: Lower solute concentration than the cell, water moves into the cell.
- Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration than the cell, water moves out of the cell, causing shrinkage.
Codons
- Codons are groups of three nucleotides in mRNA that code for an amino acid.
Replication, Transcription, Translation
- Replication: Duplicates DNA
- Transcription: Copies DNA into mRNA
- Translation: Converts the mRNA into a polypeptide chain.
Mutations
- A change in the DNA sequence.
Stages of Mitosis:
- Prophase: Chromosomes condense and become visible, spindle fibers appear
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align along the middle of the cell
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
- Telophase: Chromosomes decondense, new nuclei form
- Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides, forming two daughter cells.
Tissues
- Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues
Blood Cell Formation
- Hematopoiesis: The process of blood cell formation
Bone Fractures
- Closed Fractures: Broken bone doesn't break the skin
- Open Fractures: Broken bone penetrates the skin
Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
- Axial skeleton: Central axis of the body (skull, vertebral column, ribs)
- Appendicular skeleton: Limbs and girdles
Bone Structures and Functions
- Cartilage covers joints to reduce friction
- Ligaments connect bones to bones
- Bone is formed via ossification
- Bone has two main types: compact and spongy bone
- Bone formation involves osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Bone Parts
- Diaphysis (long shaft).
- Epiphysis (ends of long bone)
- Medullary cavity
- Periosteum
- Endosteum
Joints
- Sutures (immovable)
- Syndesmoses (slightly movable)
- Symphyses (slightly movable)
- Synovial joints (freely movable)
- Structure: Cartilaginous (bones connected by cartilage). Fibrous (bones connected by fibrous tissue). Synovial (bones separated by a fluid-filled joint cavity).
- Function: Immovable, slightly movable, freely movable
Skeletal System Functions
- Support and protection
- Movement
- Mineral storage
- Blood cell formation
Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
- Scoliosis: Lateral curve of the spine
- Kyphosis: Excessive outward curvature of the thoracic spine
- Lordosis: Excessive inward curvature of the lumbar spine.
Hyoid Bone
- The only bone that does not articulate with another bone.
Homeostasis
- Balance of internal conditions.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your understanding of the mitosis process, cytokinesis, and muscle tissue types in this engaging quiz. Answer questions about DNA replication, transcription, and the characteristics of various tissues. Challenge yourself and reinforce your knowledge of cellular biology!
