Biology Chapter 10: Mitosis and Cell Division
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the centrosome during mitosis?

  • To form the cell membrane
  • To replicate DNA
  • To generate energy for cell division
  • To organize the cell's microtubules (correct)

    • Centrioles are essential for the formation of the mitotic spindle in all types of cells.

    False

    What structure is formed from a radial array of short microtubules extending from each centrosome?

    Aster

    What is the first stage of the cell division process?

    <p>A two-celled embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The protein that subunits of spindle microtubules incorporate is called ______.

    <p>tubulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the structures to their functions related to the mitotic spindle:

    <p>Kinetochore = Attaches to microtubules to help in chromosome movement Centrosome = Organizes microtubules and forms spindles Nonkinetochore microtubules = Overlaps at the metaphase plate Aster = Extends from the centrosome and helps stabilize the spindle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell division is necessary only for reproduction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to spindle microtubules during mitosis?

    <p>They can both elongate and shorten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What continuously makes new blood cells in your body?

    <p>dividing cells in the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A typical human cell has about ____ meters of DNA.

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sister chromatids each have a kinetochore during mitosis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Genome = Genetic information of a cell Amoeba = Single-celled eukaryote Eukaryotic cell = Contains multiple DNA molecules Cell division = Process of renewing and repairing cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phases of mitosis do the centrosomes move apart?

    <p>Prophase and prometaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the DNA in a prokaryotic genome?

    <p>Is often a single DNA molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each new cell produced during cell division is an individual organism in asexual reproduction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must happen before a cell can divide?

    <p>The cell must replicate its DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for cleaving the cohesin of each chromosome during metaphase?

    <p>Separase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kinetochore microtubules shorten at the pole end during anaphase.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general mechanism by which motor proteins enable the movement of chromosomes toward the poles during mitosis?

    <p>Motor proteins walk chromosomes along microtubules and depolymerize at the kinetochore ends.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mechanism by which microtubules depolymerize at the _____ end after passing motor proteins is known as the 'Pac-man' mechanism.

    <p>kinetochore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following features with their corresponding roles in mitosis:

    <p>Separase = Cleave cohesin Motor proteins = Facilitate chromosome movement Kinetochore microtubules = Connect chromosomes to spindle poles Spindle poles = Pull chromosomes apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What experimental method was used to determine the behavior of kinetochore microtubules during anaphase?

    <p>Fluorescent dye labeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The consensus among researchers is that only one mechanism is responsible for chromosome movement during mitosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'reeled in' refer to in the context of chromosome movement?

    <p>It refers to the process where motor proteins at the spindle poles draw chromosomes toward the poles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phase where most human cells are located?

    <p>G0 Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mature nerve cells and muscle cells continuously divide throughout a human's life.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does MPF play in the cell cycle?

    <p>MPF promotes mitosis by phosphorylating various proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cyclin combines with ______ to produce MPF.

    <p>Cdk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event does the M checkpoint prevent if chromosomes are not properly attached?

    <p>Cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cyclin is ______ during anaphase, which terminates the M phase.

    <p>degraded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers liver cells to leave the G0 phase?

    <p>External cues such as growth factors during injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nonkinetochore microtubules during anaphase?

    <p>To elongate the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During anaphase, the region of overlap between nonkinetochore microtubules increases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs in animal cells for cytokinesis?

    <p>Cleavage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first sign of cleavage during cytokinesis is the appearance of a _____ furrow.

    <p>cleavage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about kinetochore microtubules is true?

    <p>They facilitate the release of tubulin subunits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motor proteins attached to microtubules provide the energy required for cell elongation during anaphase.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their functions during anaphase:

    <p>Nonkinetochore microtubules = Push apart spindle poles Contractile ring = Causes the formation of cleavage furrow Kinetochore microtubules = Shorten to move chromosomes Myosin = Interacts with actin microfilaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytokinesis typically begins during _____ or telophase.

    <p>anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of cell division in bacteria?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotes evolved first before prokaryotes on Earth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the actin-like protein in bacterial cell division?

    <p>It helps in the movement of the chromosome during cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which bacterial cells separate into two daughter cells is called _____ fission.

    <p>binary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During bacterial cell division, chromosomes replicate at the:

    <p>Origin of replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chloroplasts are involved in the process of binary fission.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evolutionary relationship exists between bacterial division and mitosis?

    <p>Mitosis may have evolved from simpler prokaryotic mechanisms like binary fission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

    • Seed plants have key adaptations for life on land
    • Gymnosperms bear "naked" seeds, typically on cones
    • Angiosperms have flowers and fruits, for reproduction
    • Human welfare depends on seed plants for food, fuel, wood, and medicine

    Seeds and Pollen Grains

    • Seeds are key adaptations for life on land
    • Seeds contain an embryo plus food supply and protection (seed coat)
    • Pollen grains are used to transfer sperm from the male part to the female part of a plant, eliminating the need for water
    • Reduced gametophytes are protected from the environment
    • Heterospory - seed plants have different types of spores - megaspores and microspores
    • Ovules - megasporangium, megaspore, and integument
    • Pollen grain contains the male gametophyte, which develops a pollen tube to carry sperm to the ovule
    • Fertilization produces the zygote and the ovule transforms into a seed.

    Gymnosperms

    • Gymnosperms have naked seeds, typically on cones
    • Two types of sporangia - microsporangia and megasporangia
    • Megasporangia are found within ovules, which in turn are within an ovulate cone
    • Microspores develop into pollen grains, which are carried by wind to ovulate cones.
    • The male gametophyte produces sperm, and the female gametophyte produce eggs in the ovule.
    • Fertilization produces a zygote, and the ovule develops into a seed containing the embryo, food supply, and seed coat.
    • Important groups - Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, Coniferophyta

    Angiosperms

    • Angiosperms have flowers and fruits (ovary matures into fruit)
    • Flowers have sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels
    • Sepals and petals are sterile floral organs; they protect flower parts and attract pollinators
    • Stamens produce pollen (male gametophytes)
    • Carpels produce ovules, which are located in the ovaries
    • Double fertilization (two sperm are needed): one fertilizes the egg producing a zygote, one fertilizes the central cell producing the endosperm
    • Ovules mature into seeds; the ovary develops into a fruit
    • Groups - basal angiosperms, monocots, and eudicots

    Human Welfare Depends on Seed Plants

    • Seed plants are essential for food, fuel, wood, and medicine
    • Plant diversity is declining due to habitat destruction, and this loss has serious consequences for humans.
    • Tropical forests contain a large portion of Earth's plant diversity
    • Loss of forests impacts climate change, and threatens countless species of animals and plants.

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    The Cell Cycle PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the crucial processes of mitosis and cell division with this quiz. Explore key structures like centrosomes, spindle fibers, and the role of microtubules. Answer questions about the stages of mitosis and the organization of genetic material in cells.

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