Hill Ch 25 TB All

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Questions and Answers

Which is the correct sequence of blood movement through the human heart?

Vena cavae → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta (correct)

Vena cavae → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary artery → pulmonary vein → right atrium → right ventricle → aorta

Vena cavae → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary vein → pulmonary artery → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta

Aorta → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary artery → pulmonary vein → right atrium → right ventricle → vena cavae

Which area(s) contain oxygenated blood?

I, II, and III

IV and V (correct)

III only

IV only

Which area refers to the pulmonary artery?

III (correct)

How many labeled areas refer to arteries?

3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the order of blood flow?

I→ III → IV → V → II Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding cardiac output is true?

It is the product of heart rate and stroke volume. Signup and view all the answers

Which region represents the isovolumetric contraction portion of the heart cycle?

II Signup and view all the answers

Which region represents the ventricular filling portion of the heart cycle?

V Signup and view all the answers

The myocardium of tunas is

composed of an outer compact layer with coronary vessels and an inner spongy layer. Signup and view all the answers

Most crustaceans have ______ hearts.

neurogenic Signup and view all the answers

The ______ prevents the initial depolarization at the S-A node from spreading across the heart from the atria through the ventricles and ending at the tip of the septum.

connective tissue between the atria and ventricles Signup and view all the answers

The pacemaker of a lobster heart is composed of

a posterior cardiac neuron that functions as a cellular oscillator and central pattern generator. Signup and view all the answers

The P wave of the EKG is produced by the

depolarization of the atria. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes the Frank-Starling mechanism?

Stretching of the cardiac muscle increases the force of its contraction at the cellular level. Signup and view all the answers

The mean pressure in the systemic aorta in a healthy human is about ______ mm Hg.

95 Signup and view all the answers

A tall human with normal blood pressure standing upright would be expected to have a pressure of about ______ mm Hg in the leg artery, measured 130 cm below the heart.

195 Signup and view all the answers

According to the Poiseuille equation, which of the following does not directly affect flow rate?

Temperature of the tube Signup and view all the answers

Halving the radius of a vessel the resistance to flow through the vessel by a factor of .

increases; 16 Signup and view all the answers

The most important factor modifying flow in blood vessels is the

diameter of the vessel. Signup and view all the answers

The reason why blood capillaries can be exceedingly thin-walled and yet resist substantial pressures can be explained by

Laplace's law. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding microcirculatory beds is true?

Smooth muscles in the walls of arterioles are responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Signup and view all the answers

Which vertical section denotes the vascular portion with the highest pressure?

I Signup and view all the answers

Which vertical section denotes the vascular portion with the lowest mean blood velocity?

III Signup and view all the answers

Which vertical section denotes the vascular portion with the highest vascular resistance?

III Signup and view all the answers

In section I, fluid is the capillary due to .

moving into; colloid osmotic pressure Signup and view all the answers

The figure depicts the hypothesis: the initial loss and then regaining of fluid in the capillaries that results, overall, in a net of fluid.

Starling-Landis; loss Signup and view all the answers

The main difference between the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit is that the pulmonary circuit

produces lower pressures. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the contractile properties of the heart of the elasmobranch fish?

There are four chambers, and all four contract. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is typical of teleost cardiovascular systems?

Cardiac outputs are lower than those of similar-sized mammals. Signup and view all the answers

From where do vessels branch off to supply the head and gut with oxygenated blood?

II Signup and view all the answers

When an air-breathing organ at the mouth is integrated into the circulation depicted in the figure, a new circulation loop is created connecting

I to IV. Signup and view all the answers

In fish that have an air-breathing organ (ABO), the blood

leaving the ABO mixes with systemic and venous blood. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes a characteristic not found in the African lungfish Protopterus?

The ventral aorta is extremely long and branched. Signup and view all the answers

Which plan represents the mammalian circulatory system?

II Signup and view all the answers

Of the six circulatory plans above, how many partially or completely separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart?

Five Signup and view all the answers

Which circulatory plan allows the animals to modulate blood flow to the lungs independently of blood flow to the rest of the body?

I, III, and IV Signup and view all the answers

Which animal does not modulate blood flow to the lungs independently of blood flow to the rest of the body?

Birds Signup and view all the answers

Which structure aids crocodilians in diverting blood flow during diving? a. Foramen ovale

Foramen of Panizza Signup and view all the answers

The _ circulatory system of squids and octopuses consist of two _.

closed; branchial hearts and one systemic heart Signup and view all the answers

This circulatory plan belongs to which group of animals?

Cephalopod molluscs Signup and view all the answers

The most oxygenated blood would be found just exiting the structure(s) at

II Signup and view all the answers

According to the diagram, the highest blood pressure would be found just exiting the structure(s) at

III Signup and view all the answers

A squid meets the increased demand for O2 at the tissues during intense exercise by

increasing its circulation rate. Signup and view all the answers

If a squid and a fish both double cardiac output during exercise, circulatory oxygen delivery to the tissues in _ will _.

the fish; be higher than in the squid Signup and view all the answers

Small spaces among cells of nonvascular organs and tissues are called

lacunae. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding the lobster circulatory system is false?

There is a clear distinction between blood and interstitial fluid. Signup and view all the answers

This circulatory plan belongs to which group of animals?

Decapod crustaceans Signup and view all the answers

The most oxygenated blood would be found

just exiting the structure at V. Signup and view all the answers

In the human heart, oxygenated blood is carried from the lungs to the heart by the

Signup and view all the answers

The wavy boundaries at I and III represent the

lack of vessels in the systemic tissues. Signup and view all the answers

The blood circulation of crustaceans is _ than that of fish primarily because of _.

faster; lower resistance Signup and view all the answers

Cardiac output is directly proportional to

both heart rate and stroke volume. Signup and view all the answers

The hearts of vertebrates are myogenic, meaning that

the impulse to contract originates within the muscle tissue. Signup and view all the answers

The QRS complex arises from ventricular

depolarization. Signup and view all the answers

Mean blood pressure in the brain of a standing person is _______ the blood pressure at the heart.

lower than Signup and view all the answers

Which property has the greatest effect on the flow of liquid through a tube?

Radius of the tube Signup and view all the answers

Flow rate equals the difference in blood pressure between the entry of the vascular system and the exit vessels, divided by

vascular resistance. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement comparing the circulatory systems in mammals and birds is true?

Birds and mammals have essentially identical circulatory systems. Signup and view all the answers

In which vessel(s) is there a lack of pressure pulse?

Capillaries, venules, and veins Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Blood Flow Through the Heart

The correct sequence of blood movement through the human heart is: vena cavae → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta.

Oxygenated Blood Areas

Areas containing oxygenated blood are IV and V.

Pulmonary Artery Location

Area III refers to the pulmonary artery.

Number of Arteries

Four labeled areas refer to arteries.

Blood Flow Order

The order of blood flow is I → III → IV → V → II.

Cardiac Output

Cardiac output is the product of heart rate and stroke volume.

Isovolumetric Contraction

Region I represents the isovolumetric contraction portion of the heart cycle.

Ventricular Filling

Region V represents the ventricular filling portion of the heart cycle.

Tuna Myocardium

Tuna myocardium is composed of an outer compact layer with coronary vessels and an inner spongy layer.

Crustacean Heart Type

Most crustaceans have neurogenic hearts.

S-A Node Prevention

The connective tissue between the atria and ventricles prevents the initial depolarization of the S-A node from spreading from the atria to the ventricles.

Lobster Heart Pacemaker

The pacemaker of a lobster heart is specialized myocardium that functions similarly to the S-A node.

EKG P Wave

The P wave of an EKG is produced by the depolarization of the atria.

Frank-Starling Mechanism

The Frank-Starling mechanism describes how stretching of cardiac muscle increases the force of contraction.

Mean Systemic Aorta Pressure

The mean pressure in the systemic aorta of a healthy human is about 95 mm Hg.

Leg Artery Pressure

A tall human with normal blood pressure standing upright would be expected to have a pressure in the leg artery, 130 cm below the heart, of about 195 mm Hg.

Poiseuille Equation

The temperature of the tube does not affect the flow rate directly, according to Poiseuille's equation. Other factors are viscosity, radius, and pressure.

Vessel Radius and Resistance

Halving the radius of a vessel increases resistance to flow by a factor of 16.

Factors Modifying Blood Flow

The most important factor modifying blood flow in blood vessels is the diameter of the vessel.

Capillary Wall Thinness

Laplace's law explains why blood capillaries can be exceedingly thin-walled and resist substantial pressures.

Microcirculatory Beds

Smooth muscles in the walls of arterioles are responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation, and anastomoses are one possible path from an arteriole to a venule.

Highest Pressure Blood Vessel

Section I denotes the vascular portion with the highest pressure.

Lowest Velocity Blood Vessel

Section III denotes the vascular portion with the lowest mean blood velocity.

Highest Vascular Resistance Blood Vessel

Section III denotes the vascular portion with the highest vascular resistance.

Fluid Movement in Capillaries

In section I, fluid moves into capillaries due to colloid osmotic pressure.

Pulmonary vs. Systemic Circuits

The main difference between the pulmonary and systemic circuits is that the pulmonary circuit produces lower pressures and flows.

Elasmobranch Fish Heart

Elasmobranch fish hearts have four chambers where all four chambers contract.

Teleost Cardiovascular Systems

Teleost cardiovascular systems have a heart that receives oxygenated blood flowing from the gills. The cardiac outputs are also lower compared to similar-sized mammals.

Head and Gut Oxygenated Blood Vessels

Vessels branch off from section II to supply the head and gut with oxygenated blood.

Air-Breathing Organ Integration

Integrating an air-breathing organ into the fish circulation creates a new circulation loop, connecting sections I and IV.

ABO Blood Mixing

In fish with air-breathing organs (ABO), blood leaving the ABO mixes with systemic and venous blood.

African Lungfish Characteristics

The ventral aorta in African lungfish (Protopterus) is an extremely long and branched structure. The atrium and ventricles are partially divided, the conus arteriosus has longitudinal ridges, and the four pairs of branchial arteries arise immediately from the conus arteriosus.

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Circulation

Hill Ch 25 TB All

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Questions and Answers

Which is the correct sequence of blood movement through the human heart?

Which area(s) contain oxygenated blood?

Which area refers to the pulmonary artery?

How many labeled areas refer to arteries?

What is the order of blood flow?

Which statement regarding cardiac output is true?

Which region represents the isovolumetric contraction portion of the heart cycle?

Which region represents the ventricular filling portion of the heart cycle?

The myocardium of tunas is

Most crustaceans have ______ hearts.

The ______ prevents the initial depolarization at the S-A node from spreading across the heart from the atria through the ventricles and ending at the tip of the septum.

The pacemaker of a lobster heart is composed of

The P wave of the EKG is produced by the

Which statement describes the Frank-Starling mechanism?

The mean pressure in the systemic aorta in a healthy human is about ______ mm Hg.

A tall human with normal blood pressure standing upright would be expected to have a pressure of about ______ mm Hg in the leg artery, measured 130 cm below the heart.

According to the Poiseuille equation, which of the following does not directly affect flow rate?

Halving the radius of a vessel ______ the resistance to flow through the vessel by a factor of ______.

The most important factor modifying flow in blood vessels is the

The reason why blood capillaries can be exceedingly thin-walled and yet resist substantial pressures can be explained by

Which statement regarding microcirculatory beds is true?

Which vertical section denotes the vascular portion with the highest pressure?

Which vertical section denotes the vascular portion with the lowest mean blood velocity?

Which vertical section denotes the vascular portion with the highest vascular resistance?

In section I, fluid is ______ the capillary due to ______.

The figure depicts the ______ hypothesis: the initial loss and then regaining of fluid in the capillaries that results, overall, in a net ______ of fluid.

The main difference between the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit is that the pulmonary circuit

Which of the following best describes the contractile properties of the heart of the elasmobranch fish?

Which characteristic is typical of teleost cardiovascular systems?

From where do vessels branch off to supply the head and gut with oxygenated blood?

When an air-breathing organ at the mouth is integrated into the circulation depicted in the figure, a new circulation loop is created connecting

In fish that have an air-breathing organ (ABO), the blood

Which statement describes a characteristic not found in the African lungfish Protopterus?

Which plan represents the mammalian circulatory system?

Of the six circulatory plans above, how many partially or completely separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart?

Which circulatory plan allows the animals to modulate blood flow to the lungs independently of blood flow to the rest of the body?

Which animal does not modulate blood flow to the lungs independently of blood flow to the rest of the body?

Which structure aids crocodilians in diverting blood flow during diving? a. Foramen ovale

The _______ circulatory system of squids and octopuses consist of two _______.

This circulatory plan belongs to which group of animals?

The most oxygenated blood would be found just exiting the structure(s) at

According to the diagram, the highest blood pressure would be found just exiting the structure(s) at

A squid meets the increased demand for O2 at the tissues during intense exercise by

If a squid and a fish both double cardiac output during exercise, circulatory oxygen delivery to the tissues in _______ will _______.

Small spaces among cells of nonvascular organs and tissues are called

Which statement regarding the lobster circulatory system is false?

This circulatory plan belongs to which group of animals?

The most oxygenated blood would be found

In the human heart, oxygenated blood is carried from the lungs to the heart by the

The wavy boundaries at I and III represent the

The blood circulation of crustaceans is _______ than that of fish primarily because of _______.

Cardiac output is directly proportional to

The hearts of vertebrates are myogenic, meaning that

The QRS complex arises from ventricular

Mean blood pressure in the brain of a standing person is _______ the blood pressure at the heart.

Which property has the greatest effect on the flow of liquid through a tube?

Flow rate equals the difference in blood pressure between the entry of the vascular system and the exit vessels, divided by

Which statement comparing the circulatory systems in mammals and birds is true?

In which vessel(s) is there a lack of pressure pulse?

Study Notes

Blood Flow Through the Heart

Oxygenated Blood Areas

Pulmonary Artery Location

Number of Arteries

Blood Flow Order

Cardiac Output

Isovolumetric Contraction

Ventricular Filling

Tuna Myocardium

Crustacean Heart Type

S-A Node Prevention

Lobster Heart Pacemaker

EKG P Wave

Frank-Starling Mechanism

Mean Systemic Aorta Pressure

Leg Artery Pressure

Halving the radius of a vessel the resistance to flow through the vessel by a factor of .

In section I, fluid is the capillary due to .

The figure depicts the hypothesis: the initial loss and then regaining of fluid in the capillaries that results, overall, in a net of fluid.

The _ circulatory system of squids and octopuses consist of two _.

If a squid and a fish both double cardiac output during exercise, circulatory oxygen delivery to the tissues in _ will _.

The blood circulation of crustaceans is _ than that of fish primarily because of _.