Hill Ch 27 + online: Biology Chapter on Water and Transport
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Questions and Answers

Larger crustaceans, such as a blue crab, have an exoskeleton impregnated with

  • phospholipids
  • cellulose
  • calcium (correct)
  • proteoglycans

    • The purpose of taking excess water into the body during the process of molting is to

  • expand the body to make a larger exoskeleton
  • provide structural rigidity
  • increase the osmotic pressure
  • provide structural rigidity and expand the body to make a larger exoskeleton (correct)

    • Most mammals are ______ water.

  • 80%
  • 60% (correct)
  • 40%
  • 50%

    • In the body, water is found in the largest quantity in the

    <p>intracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a person who weighs 70 kg, ______ of that is water.

    <p>42 Kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ionic concentrations can have no effect on the rhythm of the heart.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process directly uses ATP to move ions to cross the cell membrane?

    <p>Primary active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does not allow movement of water across a cell membrane?

    <p>The lipid portion of the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions/functions

    <p>Pores = Allow for water and ion movement across the blood-capillary endothelium. Channels = Provide a passageway for specific molecules to cross the membrane. Carriers = Bind to specific molecules and transport them across the membrane. Transporters = Move molecules across the membrane using energy from ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Typically, if the blood osmolarity were 500 mOsm, then interstitial fluid osmolarity would be ______ mOsm.

    <p>500</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you submerge a mussel in an environment in which the ambient osmotic pressure progressively increases, the blood osmotic pressure of the mussel will

    <p>progressively increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you submerge an animal in an environment in which the ambient osmotic pressure increases, but the animal's blood osmotic pressure does not change, it can be concluded that this animal is a

    <p>regulator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The maintenance of a constant concentration of ions in the blood plasma is known as

    <p>ionic regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you go to the movie theater and eat a large bag of salted popcorn, after few hours your plasma salt concentration will

    <p>be at the normal level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you go to the movie theater and eat a large bag of popcorn with salt, after few minutes, your plasma salt concentration will

    <p>increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a freshwater fish takes in a quantity of water from its dilute environment by osmosis, the osmotic pressure in its plasma will tend to

    <p>decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the dotted line represent?

    <p>The isosmotic line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal is a regulator?

    <p>Green crab and shrimp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the data shown, which animal can survive the widest range of salinity?

    <p>Green crab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal is a conformer?

    <p>Green crab and mussel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mix of freshwater with ocean water along coastlines is termed

    <p>brackish water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evaporation occurs if the partial pressure in a solution

    <p>exceeds the partial pressure in the atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the partial pressure of a substance in the atmosphere is 2x and the partial pressure of the same substance in the body fluid is 4x, the evaporation rate will

    <p>increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animal A has a body temperature of 35°C and animal B has a body temperature of 40°C. Both of the animals are in an environment at 40°C and 25% relative humidity. Which of the two animals would lose more water?

    <p>Animal B because the air it exhales has more water vapor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With regard to terrestrial animals, the rate of evaporation, J, will increase if the distance of solution from air, X,

    <p>decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rate of evaporation, J, will increase if

    <p>WVPs increases and WVPa decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following will not increase the rate of evaporation, J?

    <p>An increase in X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal has the lowest K value?

    <p>Lizard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Assuming humidity is the only factor that affects evaporation, which animal will have the highest rate of evaporation?

    <p>A mammal in a hot desert where humidity is very low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which temperature will an animal whose body surface temperature is 32°C have the highest rate of condensation?

    <p>35°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following will most likely accompany evaporation?

    <p>The blood will become hypertonic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In most aquatic animals, the organ whose function is equivalent to the mammalian kidney is the

    <p>gill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An animal whose blood osmolarity is 100 mOsm and urine osmolarity is 80 mOsm will have ______ that is ______ to the plasma.

    <p>blood; hyperosmotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The range of osmotic U/P ratio in humans is

    <p>0.1 to 4.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urine that is hyposmotic to the blood plasma contains a

    <p>large amount of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An ionic U/P ratio that is greater than 1 indicates that the urine contains

    <p>more sodium compared to the plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a human drank sea water, ingestion of which ion would be most responsible for tissue dehydration?

    <p>Chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plants that tolerate and assimilate high concentrations of salt are called

    <p>halophytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance results in water formation when consumed?

    <p>Both lipids and carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance would cause the greatest loss of water when consumed?

    <p>Proteins because they generate urea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Your friend is on a high-protein diet. As a result of the higher protein intake, your friend will most likely

    <p>lose water because water is needed to excrete the excess urea produced from protein catabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fluid that directly bathes the cells is called

    <p>extracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kangaroo rats and laboratory rats differ in obligatory water loss via

    <p>urine and feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If cells are submerged in hypertonic solution they will

    <p>shrivel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the osmotic U/P ratio is greater than 1, and the plasma osmolarity is not adjusted to match the interstitial fluid osmolarity, there is an increased tendency for water to move

    <p>into cells, causing them to expand and eventually lyse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the osmotic U/P ratio is less than 1, and the plasma osmolarity is not adjusted to match the interstitial fluid osmolarity, there is an increased tendency for water to move

    <p>out of cells, causing them to shrivel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which collection of solutes, when dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water, exerts the highest osmotic pressure?

    <p>2 mmol arginine; 1 mmol NaCl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of osmotic pressure exerted, which comparison

    <p>1 mmol taurine = 1 mmol Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The shaded area on the graph represents the

    <p>normal enzyme substrate affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In this figure, the solute that acts as a counteracting solute for urea is represented by the

    <p>bottom line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the importance of ions in body fluids is false?

    <p>Ionic concentrations have no effect on the rhythm of the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ allow for water and ion movement across the blood–capillary endothelium.

    <p>Pores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Seawater in the open ocean has a uniform salinity of _______ g/kg.

    <p>34-36</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humidity refers to the _______ content in the atmosphere.

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the partial pressure of a substance in the atmosphere is 10 mmHg and the evaporation rate increases, then we can assume that the partial pressure of the same substance in the body fluid is ______ mmHg.

    <p>25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most fundamental function of the ______ is to prevent an animal from reaching an isosmotic line.

    <p>kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water produced by cellular respiration is called ______ water.

    <p>metabolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A blue crab must molt about ______ times over the course of its life.

    <p>25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Comparatively speaking, in what body compartment is water found in the lowest quantity?

    <p>Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person who has 42 kg in water weight will have a total body weight of _______ kg.

    <p>70</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Typically, if the interstitial osmolarity is 400 mOsm, then blood osmolarity will be _______ mOsm.

    <p>400</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If ambient osmotic pressure increases, and an animal’s blood osmotic pressure increases at the same rate, the animal is a

    <p>conformer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you conduct an experiment in which you submerge shrimp in an environment where the ambient osmotic pressure keeps increasing, the blood osmotic pressure of the shrimp will

    <p>not change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The matching of ionic concentration in the blood plasma to the ionic concentration of the external environment is known as

    <p>ionic conformity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The salinity of freshwater is less than _______ g/kg.

    <p>0.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As the difference in partial pressure increases across two solutions, the rate of evaporation

    <p>increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Consider two animals with different body temperatures: Animal A has a body temperature of 25°C and animal B has a body temperature of 30°C. Which of the two animals would exhale more water vapor?

    <p>Animal B, because warmer air holds more water vapor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Refer to the formula above. With regard to terrestrial animals, the rate of evaporation, J, will increase if the proportionality factor, K,

    <p>increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Assuming humidity is the only factor that affects evaporation, which animal will have the highest rate of dehydration?

    <p>A mammal in a hot desert with a core temperature of 40°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When an animal loses water by evaporation, osmotic pressure in the blood

    <p>increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ plays the most important role in regulating blood composition?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urine that is hyperosmotic contains a

    <p>small amount of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An ionic U/P ratio that is less than 1 indicates that the urine

    <p>contains less sodium compared to the plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The amount of water formed per 1 gram of carbohydrates metabolized is _______ g.

    <p>0.56</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When blood cells are submerged in a hypotonic solution they will

    <p>expand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is the principal solute used to regulate cell-volume in mammals?

    <p>Potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound does not tend to stabilize enzymes in cells?

    <p>Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Multiple Choice Questions

    • Question 1: Larger crustaceans have an exoskeleton impregnated with calcium.

    • Question 2: The purpose of taking excess water during molting is to both increase structural rigidity and expand the body to form a bigger exoskeleton.

    • Question 3: Most mammals are 60% water.

    • Question 4: Water is predominantly found in intracellular fluid within the body.

    • Question 5: In a person weighing 70 kg, approximately 42 kg is water.

    • Question 6: Ionic concentrations can affect protein shape, pH, synaptic transmission, and heart rhythm. The statement that ionic concentrations have no effect on the heart rhythm is incorrect.

    • Question 7: Primary active transport uses ATP to move ions across cell membranes.

    • Question 8: The lipid portion of the cell membrane does not allow water movement across.

    • Question 9: Pores, channels, and transporters facilitate water and ion movement across blood capillary endothelium.

    • Question 10: Typically, if blood osmolarity is 500 mOsm, interstitial fluid osmolarity will be 300 mOsm.

    • Question 11: If a mussel is placed in an environment with progressively increasing ambient osmotic pressure, the mussel's blood osmotic pressure will increase progressively.

    • Question 12: If an animal’s blood osmotic pressure does not change in response to a changing ambient osmotic pressure, the animal is said to be a regulator.

    • Question 13: The maintenance of constant ion concentrations in blood plasma is known as ionic regulation.

    • Question 14: Ingesting a large bag of salted popcorn will increase plasma salt concentration.

    • Question 15: Consuming salted popcorn will typically increase plasma salt concentration.

    • Question 16: If a freshwater fish takes in water via osmosis, osmotic pressure within the fish's plasma will decrease.

    • Question 17: The dotted line on the graph represents the isosmotic line.

    • Question 18: Green crab, mussel, and shrimp are regulators.

    • Question 19: Based on the provided data, the green crab can survive the widest range of salinity.

    • Question 20: A conformer is an animal whose blood osmotic pressure matches the ambient osmotic pressure.

    • Question 21: Seawater in the open ocean typically has a salinity of 34-46 g/kg.

    • Question 22: The mix of freshwater and ocean water along a coastline is called brackish water.

    • Question 23: Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere.

    • Question 24: Evaporation occurs when the partial pressure in a solution exceeds the partial pressure in the atmosphere.

    • Question 25: If the atmospheric partial pressure is twice the body fluid partial pressure, the evaporation rate will increase.

    • Question 26: If the evaporation rate increases and the atmospheric partial pressure is 10 mmHg, the body fluid partial pressure is likely 25 mmHg.

    • Question 27: Animal B (with a body temperature of 40°C) will lose more water than animal A (with a body temperature of 35°C) in an environment of 40°C and 25% relative humidity.

    • Question 28: The rate of evaporation will increase if the distance between the solution and the air is decreased.

    • Question 29: The rate of evaporation will increase if water vapor pressure in the solution increases and water vapor pressure in the air decreases.

    • Question 30: An increase in X (distance between solution and air) will not increase the rate of evaporation.

    • Question 31: Lizards have the lowest K value among the listed animals.

    • Question 32: Mammals in a very hot, dry desert will likely have the highest rate of evaporation, assuming humidity is the only factor.

    • Question 33: A 32°C body surface temperature animal will have the highest condensation rate at 35°C.

    • Question 34: Evaporation is most likely accompanied by blood becoming hypertonic.

    • Question 35: Kidneys prevent animals from reaching isosmotic balance.

    • Question 36: The gill is the organ in most aquatic animals functionally equivalent to the mammalian kidney.

    • Question 37: An animal with blood osmolarity 100 mOsm and urine osmolarity 80 mOsm will have a hyperosmotic blood compared to the plasma in the body, due to differing solute concentration.

    • Question 38: An animal with blood osmolarity of 70 mOsm and urinary osmolarity of 90 mOsm will have a hyposmotic blood compared to the plasma in the body, due to differing solute concentration.

    • Question 39: The range of osmotic U/P ratio in humans is 0.1 to 4.

    • Question 40: Urine that is hyposmotic to blood plasma contains a large amount of water.

    • Question 41: An ionic U/P ratio greater than 1 indicates urine with more sodium than the blood plasma.

    • Question 42: Ingesting sea water, chloride ingestion would cause tissue dehydration.

    • Question 43: Plants that tolerate high salt concentration are called halophytes.

    • Question 44: Both lipids and carbohydrates result in water formation when consumed.

    • Question 45: Ingested protein results in the greatest loss of water due the need to excrete urea.

    • Question 46: A high protein diet will increase obligatory urinary water loss, due to the need to excrete urea.

    • Question 47: The water produced by cellular respiration is called metabolic water.

    • Question 48: The fluid that directly bathes cells inside the organism is called extracellular fluid.

    • Question 49: Kangaroo rats and lab rats differ in obligatory water loss via urine and feces.

    • Question 50: If cells are submerged in hypertonic solution, they shrivel.

    • Question 51: An increased osmotic U/P ratio with plasma osmolarity not matching interstitial fluid osmolarity will cause tendency for water to move into cells, resulting in cell expansion and potential lysis.

    • Question 52: When osmotic U/P ratio is less than one, there is an increased tendency of water to move out of cells, causing them to shrivel.

    • Question 53: The collection of solutes with highest osmotic pressure will be the one in solution with greater concentration.

    • Question 54: 2 mmol arginine and 1 mmol NaCl have the highest osmotic pressure as compared to other solutions in solution.

    • Question 55: The shaded area on the graph represents the normal enzyme substrate affinity.

    • Question 56: The bottom line represents the solute that acts as the counteracting solute for urea.

    Short Answer Questions

    • Question 1: Molting in blue crabs involves weakening exoskeletal seams, water uptake causing swelling, cracking of the old exoskeleton, and emergence. The crab's body is larger during the molting process. A new exoskeleton is produced while the crab is protected within it, before the process of growth.

    • Question 2: Swelling with water during molting provides structural rigidity for the crab to move out of its old exoskeleton and allows for quick exoskeleton growth, without the swelling the crab won't have sufficient structural rigidity to extract itself from its old exoskeleton.

    • Question 3: Electrolytes are crucial for protein conformation. Correct electrical gradients are maintained across cell membranes, enabling nerve function and muscle excitation or contraction.

    • Question 4: Rate of evaporation (J) depends on differences in vapor pressures (WVP) between the solution and the surrounding air and is proportional to K with an inverse relationship to distance X between the solution surfaces.

    • Question 5: Osmotic U/P ratio is the urine's osmotic pressure relative to the blood plasma's. Values signify whether urine is hyposmotic, isosmotic, or hyperosmotic to plasma.

    • Question 6: In teleost fish, the kidneys maintain ionic balance but not osmotic balance. Marine teleost fish live in hyposmotic seawater, causing water loss and ion gain via diffusion. They produce isosmotic urine, which helps in ionic regulation but not in osmotic balance.

    • Question 7: Obligatory respiratory water loss occurs when breathing is needed in order to perform aerobic catabolism. The water loss depends on the species' breathing physiology and ambient humidity.

    • Question 8: Obligatory urinary loss is due to excretion of nitrogenous waste. Obligatory fecal loss occurs with the excretion of food.

    • Question 9: Kangaroo rats have lower urinary water loss and can produce more concentrated urine, allowing them to survive on metabolic water, while lab rats can't thrive with this.

    • Question 10: Several processes regulate the amount of organic molecules in the cells' intracellular fluid, such as accelerating amino acid synthesis, accelerating amino acid breakdown from proteins, and via active transport.

    • Question 11: A blue crab molts about 25 times over its life.

    • Question 12, 13, 14: See multiple choice answers for facts (not detailed explanation as requested for this section of the questions).

    • Question 15,16,17,18,19,20: See multiple choice answers for facts (not detailed explanation as requested for this section of the questions).

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the role of water in biological systems and the mechanisms of ion transport across cell membranes. This quiz covers crucial concepts including molting in crustaceans, water composition in mammals, and active transport mechanisms. Perfect for students studying cellular biology and physiology.

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