Ch 25 Copy C PDF - Biology Past Paper

34. Which plan represents the mammalian circulatory system? a. II b. III c. IV d. V Answer: a Textbook Reference: Circulation in Amphibians and in Reptiles Other than Birds Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 35. Of the six circulatory plans above, how many partially or completely separate oxygenated and...

34. Which plan represents the mammalian circulatory system? a. II b. III c. IV d. V Answer: a Textbook Reference: Circulation in Amphibians and in Reptiles Other than Birds Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 35. Of the six circulatory plans above, how many partially or completely separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart? a. two b. three c. four d. five Answer: d Textbook Reference: Circulation in Amphibians and in Reptiles Other than Birds Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 36. Which circulatory plan allows the animals to modulate blood flow to the lungs independently of blood flow to the rest of the body? © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. a. II and V b. II, IV, and V c. I, III, and IV d. I, IV, and V Answer: c Textbook Reference: Circulation in Amphibians and in Reptiles Other than Birds Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 37. Which animal does not modulate blood flow to the lungs independently of blood flow to the rest of the body? a. Lungfish b. Amphibians c. Crocodilians d. Birds Answer: d Textbook Reference: Circulation in Amphibians and in Reptiles Other than Birds Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 38. Which structure aids crocodilians in diverting blood flow during diving? a. Foramen ovale b. Foramen of Panizza c. Ductus arteriosus d. Pulmonary artery Answer: b Textbook Reference: Circulation in Amphibians and in Reptiles Other than Birds Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 39. The _______ circulatory system of squids and octopuses consist of two _______. a. open; branchial hearts and one systemic heart b. open; systemic hearts and one branchial heart c. closed; systemic hearts and one branchial heart d. closed; branchial hearts and one systemic heart Answer: d Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Closed Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 40. This circulatory plan belongs to which group of animals? a. Decapod crustaceans b. Invertebrates c. Fish d. Cephalopod molluscs Answer: d Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Closed Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 41. The most oxygenated blood would be found just exiting the structure(s) at a. I. b. II. c. III. d. IV. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Closed Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 42. According to the diagram, the highest blood pressure would be found just exiting the structure(s) at a. I. b. II. c. III. d. IV. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Closed Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 43. A squid meets the increased demand for O2 at the tissues during intense exercise by a. increasing its circulation rate. b. pulling more O2 from the blood. c. both increasing circulation rate and pulling more O2 from the blood. d. making use of anaerobic metabolism only. Answer: a © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Closed Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 44. If a squid and a fish both double cardiac output during exercise, circulatory oxygen delivery to the tissues in _______ will _______. a. both animals; remain the same b. both animals; double c. the fish; be higher than in the squid d. the squid; be higher than in the fish Answer: c Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Closed Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 45. Small spaces among cells of nonvascular organs and tissues are called a. lacunae. b. sinuses. c. ostia. d. interstitia. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Open Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 46. Which statement regarding the lobster circulatory system is false? a. Hemolymph returns through holes in the heart called ostia. b. All vessels connected to the heart are arteries. c. The primary force that refills the heart is elastic rebound. d. There is a clear distinction between blood and interstitial fluid. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Open Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 47. This circulatory plan belongs to which group of animals? a. Cephalopod molluscs b. Invertebrates c. Fish d. Decapod crustaceans Answer: d Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Open Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 48. The most oxygenated blood would be found a. at I. b. just exiting the structure at II. c. at III. d. just exiting the structure at V. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Open Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 49. The wavy boundaries at I and III represent the a. lack of vessels in the systemic tissues. b. gills. c. venous system. d. branchio-pericardial sinuses. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Open Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 50. The blood circulation of crustaceans is _______ than that of fish primarily because of _______. a. faster; lower resistance b. faster; higher pressure c. slower; lower pressure d. slower; higher resistance Answer: a Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Open Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Short Answer 1. Describe the four systems that have evolved in animals to supply O2 to the myocardium and name the main animal groups that use each one. Answer: The myocardium is sometimes supplied with O2 by blood flowing through a coronary circulation system, and sometimes it is supplied by blood flowing through the heart lumen. The compact myocardium of mammals and birds is supplied by coronary © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. arteries and veins. The fully spongy myocardium characteristic of most teleost fish is oxygenated mostly by luminal blood. In salmonids, tunas, and sharks, the ventricular myocardium consists of an outer compact layer with a coronary circulation and an inner spongy layer. In some octopuses, blood flows from the lumen through the myocardium and into the coronary veins. Textbook Reference: Hearts Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 2. Compare and contrast the myogenic and neurogenic heart. Answer: In the myogenic heart the initial electrical impulse originates in modified muscle cells, whereas in the neurogenic heart each impulse to contract originates in neurons. This difference is independent of the fact that most hearts are innervated to modulate heart rate. Textbook Reference: Hearts Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 3. Why does the depolarization wave not travel across the mammalian heart from anterior to posterior (atria to ventricles) in a linear wave? Answer: The depolarization wave emanating from the S-A node in the mammalian heart does not travel in a linear fashion from anterior to posterior because of the presence of connective tissue insulation as well as specialized muscle cells forming a conducting system. The fibrous connective tissue separating the atria from the ventricles prevents the depolarization wave from spreading immediately across to the ventricles. Instead, the atrioventricular bundle transmits the depolarization down the bundle branches and to the Purkinje fibers. This allows the depolarization to travel from the tip of the ventricles up to the base so the contraction can effectively propel the blood through the main arteries. Textbook Reference: Hearts Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 4. Explain, according to the physics of fluid-column effects, why a vascular foot injury needs to be elevated as much and as long as possible. Answer: Because the vessels in the mammalian circulatory system follow the physics of fluid column effects, the pressure of the fluid at the bottom of the column will increase as the height of the column increases. Therefore, a standing person will have a much higher mean arterial pressure in the lower leg compared to at the heart. For a foot injury that may be bleeding, the pressure must be lowered to reduce the damage. Direct pressure helps, but elevating the foot above the heart will substantially lower the internal pressure and reduce bleeding. Textbook Reference: Principles of Pressure, Resistance, and Flow in Vascular Systems Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 5. How is vascular resistance related to the Poiseuille equation? Answer: Although there is no direct value for resistance in the Poiseuille equation, it is separated out in this equation. Since flow rate equals the pressure difference divided by the resistance, and the Poiseuille equation also calculates flow rate, the resistance can be calculated to equal 8ηl/πr4. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc.