Ch 25 copy B PDF - Biology Past Paper

34. Which plan represents the mammalian circulatory system? a. II b. III c. IV d. V Answer: a Textbook Reference: Circulation in Amphibians and in Reptiles Other than Birds Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 35. Of the six circulatory plans above, how many partially or completely separate oxygenated and...

34. Which plan represents the mammalian circulatory system? a. II b. III c. IV d. V Answer: a Textbook Reference: Circulation in Amphibians and in Reptiles Other than Birds Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 35. Of the six circulatory plans above, how many partially or completely separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart? a. two b. three c. four d. five Answer: d Textbook Reference: Circulation in Amphibians and in Reptiles Other than Birds Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 36. Which circulatory plan allows the animals to modulate blood flow to the lungs independently of blood flow to the rest of the body? © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. a. II and V b. II, IV, and V c. I, III, and IV d. I, IV, and V Answer: c Textbook Reference: Circulation in Amphibians and in Reptiles Other than Birds Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 37. Which animal does not modulate blood flow to the lungs independently of blood flow to the rest of the body? a. Lungfish b. Amphibians c. Crocodilians d. Birds Answer: d Textbook Reference: Circulation in Amphibians and in Reptiles Other than Birds Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 38. Which structure aids crocodilians in diverting blood flow during diving? a. Foramen ovale b. Foramen of Panizza c. Ductus arteriosus d. Pulmonary artery Answer: b Textbook Reference: Circulation in Amphibians and in Reptiles Other than Birds Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 39. The _______ circulatory system of squids and octopuses consist of two _______. a. open; branchial hearts and one systemic heart b. open; systemic hearts and one branchial heart c. closed; systemic hearts and one branchial heart d. closed; branchial hearts and one systemic heart Answer: d Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Closed Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 40. This circulatory plan belongs to which group of animals? a. Decapod crustaceans b. Invertebrates c. Fish d. Cephalopod molluscs Answer: d Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Closed Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 41. The most oxygenated blood would be found just exiting the structure(s) at a. I. b. II. c. III. d. IV. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Closed Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 42. According to the diagram, the highest blood pressure would be found just exiting the structure(s) at a. I. b. II. c. III. d. IV. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Closed Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 43. A squid meets the increased demand for O2 at the tissues during intense exercise by a. increasing its circulation rate. b. pulling more O2 from the blood. c. both increasing circulation rate and pulling more O2 from the blood. d. making use of anaerobic metabolism only. Answer: a © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Closed Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 44. If a squid and a fish both double cardiac output during exercise, circulatory oxygen delivery to the tissues in _______ will _______. a. both animals; remain the same b. both animals; double c. the fish; be higher than in the squid d. the squid; be higher than in the fish Answer: c Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Closed Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 45. Small spaces among cells of nonvascular organs and tissues are called a. lacunae. b. sinuses. c. ostia. d. interstitia. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Open Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 46. Which statement regarding the lobster circulatory system is false? a. Hemolymph returns through holes in the heart called ostia. b. All vessels connected to the heart are arteries. c. The primary force that refills the heart is elastic rebound. d. There is a clear distinction between blood and interstitial fluid. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Open Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 47. This circulatory plan belongs to which group of animals? a. Cephalopod molluscs b. Invertebrates c. Fish d. Decapod crustaceans Answer: d Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Open Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 48. The most oxygenated blood would be found a. at I. b. just exiting the structure at II. c. at III. d. just exiting the structure at V. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Open Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 49. The wavy boundaries at I and III represent the a. lack of vessels in the systemic tissues. b. gills. c. venous system. d. branchio-pericardial sinuses. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Open Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 50. The blood circulation of crustaceans is _______ than that of fish primarily because of _______. a. faster; lower resistance b. faster; higher pressure c. slower; lower pressure d. slower; higher resistance Answer: a Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Open Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Short Answer 1. Describe the four systems that have evolved in animals to supply O2 to the myocardium and name the main animal groups that use each one. Answer: The myocardium is sometimes supplied with O2 by blood flowing through a coronary circulation system, and sometimes it is supplied by blood flowing through the heart lumen. The compact myocardium of mammals and birds is supplied by coronary © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. arteries and veins. The fully spongy myocardium characteristic of most teleost fish is oxygenated mostly by luminal blood. In salmonids, tunas, and sharks, the ventricular myocardium consists of an outer compact layer with a coronary circulation and an inner spongy layer. In some octopuses, blood flows from the lumen through the myocardium and into the coronary veins. Textbook Reference: Hearts Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 2. Compare and contrast the myogenic and neurogenic heart. Answer: In the myogenic heart the initial electrical impulse originates in modified muscle cells, whereas in the neurogenic heart each impulse to contract originates in neurons. This difference is independent of the fact that most hearts are innervated to modulate heart rate. Textbook Reference: Hearts Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 3. Why does the depolarization wave not travel across the mammalian heart from anterior to posterior (atria to ventricles) in a linear wave? Answer: The depolarization wave emanating from the S-A node in the mammalian heart does not travel in a linear fashion from anterior to posterior because of the presence of connective tissue insulation as well as specialized muscle cells forming a conducting system. The fibrous connective tissue separating the atria from the ventricles prevents the depolarization wave from spreading immediately across to the ventricles. Instead, the atrioventricular bundle transmits the depolarization down the bundle branches and to the Purkinje fibers. This allows the depolarization to travel from the tip of the ventricles up to the base so the contraction can effectively propel the blood through the main arteries. Textbook Reference: Hearts Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 4. Explain, according to the physics of fluid-column effects, why a vascular foot injury needs to be elevated as much and as long as possible. Answer: Because the vessels in the mammalian circulatory system follow the physics of fluid column effects, the pressure of the fluid at the bottom of the column will increase as the height of the column increases. Therefore, a standing person will have a much higher mean arterial pressure in the lower leg compared to at the heart. For a foot injury that may be bleeding, the pressure must be lowered to reduce the damage. Direct pressure helps, but elevating the foot above the heart will substantially lower the internal pressure and reduce bleeding. Textbook Reference: Principles of Pressure, Resistance, and Flow in Vascular Systems Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 5. How is vascular resistance related to the Poiseuille equation? Answer: Although there is no direct value for resistance in the Poiseuille equation, it is separated out in this equation. Since flow rate equals the pressure difference divided by the resistance, and the Poiseuille equation also calculates flow rate, the resistance can be calculated to equal 8ηl/πr4. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Textbook Reference: Principles of Pressure, Resistance, and Flow in Vascular Systems Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 6. Describe and explain the linear velocity profile of red blood cells as they travel from the heart through the systemic tissues and back. Answer: As red blood cells leave the heart, their velocity is at the highest in the circulatory cycle. As the blood proceeds through the arterioles, the velocity drops off dramatically because the resistance to flow increases. At the capillaries, the resistance is at its highest, and therefore the velocity is at its lowest. Interestingly, as the resistance decreases in the venous vessels, the velocity increases as the blood returns to the heart. Textbook Reference: Circulation in Mammals and Birds Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 7. Describe how an air-breathing organ is integrated into the circulatory plan of fish and how this physiology relates to the oxygenation of the fish myocardium. Answer: One of the limitations of the fish circulatory plan is that the blood returning to the heart from the systemic tissues may be fairly deoxygenated, especially during exercise or in hypoxic water. Air-breathing organs likely evolved to enhance the oxygenation of the blood to the myocardium. Therefore, both common variations of parallel ABO circulation (whether the originating split-off is before or after the gills) merge back into the main circulation before returning to the heart. Although this well- oxygenated blood will mix with postsystemic deoxygenated blood, the extra oxygen will maintain the function of the myocardium under exercise or hypoxic conditions. Textbook Reference: Circulation in Fish Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 8. Explain how some animals modulate blood flow to their lungs independently of flow to the rest of the body and what the advantages are to this arrangement. Answer: When animals have an incomplete separation between the pulmonary and systemic circulatory loops in the area of the heart, they are able (through changes in resistance) to alter flow at the lungs independently of flow to the rest of the body. This is important during extended breath-holding or diving in these animals, which include lungfish, amphibians, lizards, snakes, and turtles. If air in the lungs is depleted of oxygen, there is little change to oxygenate blood, so flow is reduced. In contrast, after a long bout of apnea, blood flow to the lungs can be increased as fresh air circulates in the lungs. Therefore, this modulation can achieve, to some degree, a ventilation-perfusion match. Textbook Reference: Circulation in Amphibians and in Reptiles other than Birds Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 9. Compare and contrast the mammalian and cephalopod circulatory systems. Answer: The mammalian and cephalopod circulatory systems are both closed and therefore generate a significant amount of pressure. The pulmonary and systemic systems of mammals and cephalopods are both in series, but they are separated anatomically in the cephalopods by the existence of two branchial hearts located just before the gills. The systemic heart of the cephalopods and the mammalian heart are both myogenic. Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Closed Circulatory Systems © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 10. Defend or refute this statement: “Blood flow through open systems is sluggish because of the relatively low-pressure gradients in open circulatory systems.” Answer: Many descriptions of open circulatory systems focus on the low pressure nature of the system. When we think of low pressure, we often associate this with low flow. While this is true in many cases, it is not true for many open circulatory systems, including those of the crustaceans. By lowering the resistance to flow dramatically, the low-pressure open circulatory system can generate incredibly rapid flow rates. The blood circulation of crustaceans, in fact, is three times faster than that of fish! Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Open Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating ONLINE QUIZ QUESTIONS 1. In the human heart, oxygenated blood is carried from the lungs to the heart by the a. vena cava. b. aorta. c. pulmonary veins. d. pulmonary arteries. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Hearts Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 2. Cardiac output is directly proportional to a. heart rate. b. stroke volume. c. blood pressure. d. both heart rate and stroke volume. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Hearts Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 3. The hearts of vertebrates are myogenic, meaning that a. neurons control the inherent pace of the heart. b. the myocardium is compact and therefore has a coronary circulation. c. the impulse to contract originates within the muscle tissue. d. there is a cardiac conduction system. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Hearts Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 4. The QRS complex arises from ventricular a. depolarization. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. b. contraction. c. repolarization. d. diastole. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Hearts Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 5. Mean blood pressure in the brain of a standing person is _______ the blood pressure at the heart. a. higher than b. lower than c. exactly the same as d. approximately the same as Answer: b Textbook Reference: Principles of Pressure, Resistance, and Flow in Vascular Systems Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 6. Which property has the greatest effect on the flow of liquid through a tube? a. Pressure difference b. Viscosity of the liquid c. Length of the tube d. Radius of the tube Answer: d Textbook Reference: Principles of Pressure, Resistance, and Flow in Vascular Systems Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 7. Flow rate equals the difference in blood pressure between the entry of the vascular system and the exit vessels, divided by a. the viscosity. b. vascular resistance. c. the viscosity multiplied by radius4. d. radius4. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Principles of Pressure, Resistance, and Flow in Vascular Systems Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 8. Which statement comparing the circulatory systems in mammals and birds is true? a. Birds have far smaller hearts per gram. b. Mammals have, on average, higher systolic blood pressures. c. Mammals have a higher pressure systemic circuit. d. Birds and mammals have essentially identical circulatory systems. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Circulation in Mammals and Birds Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 9. In which vessel(s) is there a lack of pressure pulse? © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. a. Large arteries, terminal arteries, and arterioles b. Terminal arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and venules c. Capillaries, venules, and veins d. Venules and veins Answer: c Textbook Reference: Circulation in Mammals and Birds Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 10. Which vessels of the systemic vascular system have the highest total cross-sectional area? a. Arterial vessels b. Capillary beds c. Venous vessels d. Both arteries and veins have equal areas. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Circulation in Mammals and Birds Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 11. In a mammal, blood pressure is lowest in the a. arterioles. b. capillaries. c. venules. d. veins. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Circulation in Mammals and Birds Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 12. Excessive protein in the blood plasma will _______ the loss of fluid through the capillaries. a. increase b. decrease c. have no effect on d. increase, and then decrease Answer: b Textbook Reference: Circulation in Mammals and Birds Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 13. When a mammal exercises, oxygen delivery is increased by a. increased blood flow. b. the extraction of more O2 per unit volume. c. increased blood flow and the extraction of more O2 per unit volume. d. increased blood flow, the extraction of more O2 per unit volume, and a lowering of resistance in the systemic vasculature. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Circulation in Mammals and Birds Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 14. In _______, there is no separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood at the heart. a. a teleost fish b. a lungfish c. amphibians d. reptiles Answer: a Textbook Reference: Circulation in Fish Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 15. The chambers of the teleost fish heart are the a. atria and the ventricles. b. atria, ventricles, and bulbus arteriosus. c. sinus venosus, atrium, and ventricles. d. sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and bulbus arteriosus. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Circulation in Fish Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 16. In a fish that has an air-breathing organ, a. there are not likely to be functioning gills. b. the blood leaving the air-breathing organ mixes with blood leaving the gills. c. the blood leaving the air-breathing organ mixes with systemic venous blood. d. the blood enters the air-breathing organ following its exit from the gills. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Circulation in Fish Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 17. Among nonavian reptiles, crocodilians are unique because they a. have birdlike blood pressures. b. have hearts that are large relative to their mass. c. can shunt blood. d. have a complete ventricular septum. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Circulation in Amphibians and in Reptiles Other than Birds Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 18. Which statement about squid is false? a. Their systemic heart receives largely deoxygenated blood. b. Their systemic heart is myogenic. c. Blood enters the systemic heart from the gills. d. Branchial hearts pump blood through the gills. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Closed Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 19. In crustacean circulatory systems, deoxygenated blood from the tissues enters the heart via a. ostia. b. the cardinal veins. c. the dorsal abdominal artery. d. the dorsal abdominal vein. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Open Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 20. Which statement about the insect circulatory system is true? a. Insects have a closed circulatory system and a tracheal system for delivering O2. b. Insects have an open circulatory system and a tracheal system for delivering O2. c. Insects have an open circulatory system and a derived lung for delivering O2. d. Insects have a closed circulatory system and solely a diffusion-based system for delivering O2. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Invertebrates with Open Circulatory Systems Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc.