Hill Ch 29 + online: Kidney Function and Nephron Filtration

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which statement about the kidneys is false?

They excrete solutes dissolved in water.

They produce and eliminate watery solutions derived from the extracellular fluid.

They produce and eliminate aqueous solutions derived from the blood plasma.

They produce urine that contains high levels of creatinine, which is a direct product of lipid metabolism. (correct)

Which substance is typically found in urine at the highest concentration?

Urea generated from protein metabolism (correct)

Phosphate generated from energy production

Sodium originated from plasma

Sodium generated from extracellular fluid

Which of the following would not be found in urine produced by healthy kidneys?

Phosphate

Proteins (correct)

Potassium

Creatinine

After the kidneys, the contribute(s) most to filtration.

heart Signup and view all the answers

Podocytes are found in the

Bowman's capsule Signup and view all the answers

A molecule greater than kilodaltons cannot pass through the nephrons.

12.5 Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about amphibian nephrons is false?

The loops of Henle are a few mm in length. Signup and view all the answers

Filtration slits are found in

Bowman's capsule Signup and view all the answers

Glomerular filtration rate in vertebrates is defined as the rate of of an animal's kidney tubules.

primary urine formation by all Signup and view all the answers

The system(s) effect(s) the change in flow resistance in the glomerular blood pressure.

nervous and endocrine Signup and view all the answers

In amphibians, the first part of the nephron is

Bowman's capsule Signup and view all the answers

The last part of the nephron in amphibians is

the collecting duct Signup and view all the answers

The filtered fluid that forms in the nephrons will first empty into the

ureter Signup and view all the answers

In the proximal convoluted tubules of the nephrons of amphibians, sodium is reabsorbed via

active transport Signup and view all the answers

Which substance(s) may be found in the proximal convoluted tubule in the nephrons of amphibians?

Sodium, glucose, and chloride Signup and view all the answers

In the nephrons of amphibians, glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule returns to the blood by

secondary active transport. Signup and view all the answers

Which values reflect the expected glucose concentrations (in mM) in micropuncture samples collected from the nephron in the following order: Bowman's capsule, beginning of proximal convoluted tubule, intermediate segment, middle of distal convoluted tubule, and beginning of collecting duct?

2; 2; 0; 0; 0 Signup and view all the answers

Which values reflect the expected amino acid concentrations (in mM) in micropuncture samples collected from the nephron in the following order: Bowman's capsule, beginning of proximal convoluted tubule, intermediate segment, middle of distal convoluted tubule, and beginning of collecting duct?

1; 1; 0; 0; 0 Signup and view all the answers

Which values reflect the expected albumen concentrations (in mM) in micropuncture samples collected from the nephron in the following order: Bowman's capsule, beginning of proximal convoluted tubule, intermediate segment, middle of distal convoluted tubule, and beginning of collecting duct?

0; 0; 0; 0; 0 Signup and view all the answers

ADH is released from the

posterior pituitary Signup and view all the answers

If you inject a known diuretic into a frog, the volume of its

urine will increase Signup and view all the answers

In amphibians, ADH acts on which segment of the nephron to increase reabsorption?

Distal convoluted tubule Signup and view all the answers

If an ADH blocker is administered to an amphibian, the volume of the urine will and the volume of the blood will

increase; decrease Signup and view all the answers

Administering a substance that enhances the release of ADH to a frog will cause the distal convoluted tubule to

reabsorb more water than normal Signup and view all the answers

In mammals, the length of the loop of Henle in nephrons is correlated with the

thickness of the renal medulla Signup and view all the answers

In mammals, the nonurea solutes are trapped in the collecting duct because the collecting duct is

impermeable to nonurea solutes but permeable to water Signup and view all the answers

In mammals, the medullary interstitial fluid is to the fluid in the collecting duct.

hyperosmotic Signup and view all the answers

The wall of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to

water Signup and view all the answers

During active transport of NaCl in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the concentration of NaCl in the lumen

decreases Signup and view all the answers

During active transport of NaCl in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid

increases Signup and view all the answers

In the collecting duct, urea reabsorption is mediated by

protein transporters Signup and view all the answers

Do ATP blockers directly affect urea reabsorption in the collecting duct?

No, urea reabsorption is facilitated by protein channels. Signup and view all the answers

If the urea concentration in the interstitial fluid around the collecting duct is increased, urea reabsorption will

cease, because reabsorption depends on passive transport. Instead, urea secretion will occur. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about urea processing in the nephron is true?

More urea is filtered than excreted, and some of the urea that gets reabsorbed accumulates in the medulla. Signup and view all the answers

If a drug that blocks Na–K–2Cl cotransporters is administered, blood pressure will and plasma sodium concentration will

decrease; decrease Signup and view all the answers

If a person in diuresis produces urine with a concentration of 50 mOsm, her plasma osmolarity is about mOsm.

250 Signup and view all the answers

ADH acts specifically on the by

collecting duct; inserting aquaporin channels into the membrane Signup and view all the answers

The Na-K–2Cl cotransporter in the nephron is located on the

apical side and is electroneutral Signup and view all the answers

If a new protein, aptly named Na–2K–Cl cotransporter, is introduced to the apical side of the nephron in mammals, which of the following statements about this protein would be true?

The protein has a net charge of +2 Signup and view all the answers

Where is K+ most likely to be secreted into the tubular fluid?

IV Signup and view all the answers

Where is most of the glucose reabsorbed from the tubular fluid?

I Signup and view all the answers

During moderate diuresis, what is the most likely osmotic pressure in the tubular fluid at V?

75 mOsm Signup and view all the answers

Where would amino acids be found in the tubular fluid?

I Signup and view all the answers

Where would sodium be moving across the apical membranes of the cells lining the tubules?

At all areas in the tubule Signup and view all the answers

What portion of the kidney tubule does the diagram represent?

Proximal convoluted tubule Signup and view all the answers

At which numeral is sodium moving across the membrane?

I, II, and IV Signup and view all the answers

Which process or processes are using the sodium gradient to bring substances into the cell?

I Signup and view all the answers

Where is secondary active transport of glucose represented?

I Signup and view all the answers

Which numeral represents a transporter that could change the pH of the inside of the cell?

II and IV Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms have loopless nephrons?

Some birds and all nonavian reptiles Signup and view all the answers

Coelomosacs are found in

crustaceans Signup and view all the answers

In insects, KCl is

secreted actively Signup and view all the answers

The principal waste product in ureotelic animals is:

urea. Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest molecule that can pass through a nephron?

A molecule that has a molecular weight of 9.5 kilodaltons Signup and view all the answers

The colloid osmotic pressure is best defined as the

osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins in the blood vessels. Signup and view all the answers

If the blood pressure in the glomerular capillary is +7 kPa, the colloid osmotic pressure is –3 kPa, and the capsular fluid hydrostatic pressure is –2 kPa, then the filtration pressure is _______ kPa.

2 Signup and view all the answers

If the filtration pressure is +8 kPa, the colloid osmotic pressure is –2 kPa, and the capsular fluid hydrostatic pressure is –1 kPa, then the pressure in the glomerular capillaries is _______ kPa.

11 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following will not have an effect on the glomerular blood pressure?

Endocrine system hormones acting on skeletal muscles Signup and view all the answers

In amphibians, sodium reabsorption begins in

the proximal convoluted tubule. Signup and view all the answers

In amphibians, chloride reabsorption begins in

the proximal convoluted tubule. Signup and view all the answers

Which substance(s) can be present in the proximal convoluted tubule in amphibians’ nephrons?

Sodium, chloride, and amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone controls water regulation in the kidney?

ADH Signup and view all the answers

In amphibians, when ADH is released, the number of aquaporins in the bladder

and the distal convoluted tubule increases Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence demonstrates the correct order of the structures of a mammalian nephron from blood to ureter?

Bowman’s capsule; proximal convoluted tubule; loop of Henle; distal convoluted tubule Signup and view all the answers

The macula densa in mammalian nephrons secrete

renin Signup and view all the answers

The active transport of NaCl in the ascending limb of loop of Henle leads to

hyperosmotic fluid in the interstitial region. Signup and view all the answers

Urea is reabsorbed in the collecting duct by

facilitated diffusion. Signup and view all the answers

The vasa recta are

blood capillaries around loop of Henle in mammals. Signup and view all the answers

Some medications to treat hypertension act on the

Na–K–2Cl cotransporter. Signup and view all the answers

In the mammalian proximal convoluted tubule, sodium reabsorption is coupled with

glucose and protons Signup and view all the answers

Which number corresponds to the lowest osmolarity?

IV Signup and view all the answers

Which number signifies the area that will not reabsorb water?

III Signup and view all the answers

Which area shows the highest variation in osmolarily?

V Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is usually not found in marine teleosts?

Distal convoluted tubule Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about marine teleosts is true?

Some species lack glomeruli. Signup and view all the answers

Insects have excretory tubules known as

Malpighian tubules. Signup and view all the answers

If the blood pressure in the glomerular capillary is +5 kPa, the colloid osmotic pressure is –2.5 kPa, and the capsular fluid hydrostatic pressure is –2 kPa, then the filtration pressure is _______ kPa.

0.5 Signup and view all the answers

If the filtration pressure is +7 kPa, the colloid osmotic pressure is –3 kPa, and the capsular fluid hydrostatic pressure is –2 kPa, then the blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries is _______ kPa.

12 Signup and view all the answers

If the blood pressure in the glomerular capillary is +10 kPa, the filtration pressure is +6 kPa, and the capsular fluid hydrostatic pressure is –2 kPa, then the colloid osmotic pressure is _______ kPa.

-2 Signup and view all the answers

If the blood pressure in the glomerular capillary is +14 kPa, the filtration pressure is +8 kPa, and the colloid osmotic pressure is –4 kPa, then the capsular fluid hydrostatic pressure is _______ kPa.

-2 Signup and view all the answers

Injection of an ADH inhibitor into a frog causes _______ at the distal convoluted tubule than would occur without such an injection.

reabsorption of less water Signup and view all the answers

A direct effect of the active transport of NaCl in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is that the fluid in the _ becomes _.

lumen; hyposmotic Signup and view all the answers

If a person in antidiuresis produces urine with a concentration of 1200 mOsm, his plasma osmolarity is about _______ mOsm.

300 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Kidney Function and Nitrogen Excretion

Kidneys produce and eliminate aqueous solutions derived from the blood plasma and extracellular fluid.
Kidneys excrete solutes dissolved in water, producing urine.
Urine contains creatinine, a byproduct of lipid metabolism.
Urea, generated from protein metabolism, is the most concentrated substance in urine.
Healthy kidney urine does not contain proteins.

Filtration and Nephrons

Podocytes are found within the glomerulus and renal corpuscle.
Molecules larger than 12.5 kilodaltons cannot pass through nephrons.
Filtration slits are found in the Bowman's capsule.
Filtration takes place in the renal corpuscle, and the filtrate then enters the glomerulus.
Filtration is regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems.

Amphibian Nephrons

Bowman's capsule is the first part of the nephron in amphibians.
The distal convoluted tubule is the last part of the nephron in amphibians.
Filtered fluid in amphibians first empties into the ureter.
Sodium is reabsorbed in amphibian nephrons via active transport.

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Glomerular filtration rate is the rate of primary urine formation in all vertebrate kidneys.
Kidney filtration rate is the rate of fluid filtration by glomeruli

Urine Formation in Mammals

Urea is reabsorbed in the collecting duct but some non-urea solutes remain.
The collecting duct is impermeable to non-urea solutes enabling these solutes to be trapped.
Mammalian nephrons have loops of Henle, and the length of the loop is correlated with the thickness of the renal medulla.
ADH acts on the distal convoluted tubule to increase reabsorption of water.
Increasing the volume of a solution from a substance such as ADH causes more water to be reabsorbed from the urine reducing volume.
If blood pressure in the glomerular capillary is elevated, there is increased filtration of fluid.
Urea concentration in the collecting duct interstitial fluid affects urea reabsorption.
If interstitial fluid urea levels are increased, then urea reabsorption is unaffected.
Active transport of NaCl in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle increases interstitial fluid osmolarity.
In mammals, the medullary interstitial fluid is hyperosmotic to the collecting duct.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on kidney function, nitrogen excretion, and the role of nephrons in filtration. This quiz will cover the processes involved in urine production and the unique features of amphibian nephrons. Understand the structures like podocytes and Bowman's capsule and their significance in renal physiology.

Hill Ch 29 + online: Kidney Function and Nephron Filtration

Choose a study mode

Podcast

Questions and Answers

Which statement about the kidneys is false?

Which substance is typically found in urine at the highest concentration?

Which of the following would not be found in urine produced by healthy kidneys?

After the kidneys, the contribute(s) most to filtration.

Podocytes are found in the

A molecule greater than kilodaltons cannot pass through the nephrons.

Which statement about amphibian nephrons is false?

Filtration slits are found in

Glomerular filtration rate in vertebrates is defined as the rate of of an animal's kidney tubules.

The system(s) effect(s) the change in flow resistance in the glomerular blood pressure.

In amphibians, the first part of the nephron is

The last part of the nephron in amphibians is

The filtered fluid that forms in the nephrons will first empty into the

In the proximal convoluted tubules of the nephrons of amphibians, sodium is reabsorbed via

Which substance(s) may be found in the proximal convoluted tubule in the nephrons of amphibians?

In the nephrons of amphibians, glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule returns to the blood by

Which values reflect the expected glucose concentrations (in mM) in micropuncture samples collected from the nephron in the following order: Bowman's capsule, beginning of proximal convoluted tubule, intermediate segment, middle of distal convoluted tubule, and beginning of collecting duct?

Which values reflect the expected amino acid concentrations (in mM) in micropuncture samples collected from the nephron in the following order: Bowman's capsule, beginning of proximal convoluted tubule, intermediate segment, middle of distal convoluted tubule, and beginning of collecting duct?

Which values reflect the expected albumen concentrations (in mM) in micropuncture samples collected from the nephron in the following order: Bowman's capsule, beginning of proximal convoluted tubule, intermediate segment, middle of distal convoluted tubule, and beginning of collecting duct?

ADH is released from the

If you inject a known diuretic into a frog, the volume of its

In amphibians, ADH acts on which segment of the nephron to increase reabsorption?

If an ADH blocker is administered to an amphibian, the volume of the urine will and the volume of the blood will

Administering a substance that enhances the release of ADH to a frog will cause the distal convoluted tubule to

In mammals, the length of the loop of Henle in nephrons is correlated with the

In mammals, the nonurea solutes are trapped in the collecting duct because the collecting duct is

In mammals, the medullary interstitial fluid is to the fluid in the collecting duct.

The wall of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to

During active transport of NaCl in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the concentration of NaCl in the lumen

During active transport of NaCl in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid

In the collecting duct, urea reabsorption is mediated by

Do ATP blockers directly affect urea reabsorption in the collecting duct?

If the urea concentration in the interstitial fluid around the collecting duct is increased, urea reabsorption will

Which statement about urea processing in the nephron is true?

If a drug that blocks Na–K–2Cl cotransporters is administered, blood pressure will and plasma sodium concentration will

If a person in diuresis produces urine with a concentration of 50 mOsm, her plasma osmolarity is about mOsm.

ADH acts specifically on the by

The Na-K–2Cl cotransporter in the nephron is located on the

If a new protein, aptly named Na–2K–Cl cotransporter, is introduced to the apical side of the nephron in mammals, which of the following statements about this protein would be true?

Where is K+ most likely to be secreted into the tubular fluid?

Where is most of the glucose reabsorbed from the tubular fluid?

During moderate diuresis, what is the most likely osmotic pressure in the tubular fluid at V?

Where would amino acids be found in the tubular fluid?

Where would sodium be moving across the apical membranes of the cells lining the tubules?

What portion of the kidney tubule does the diagram represent?

At which numeral is sodium moving across the membrane?

Which process or processes are using the sodium gradient to bring substances into the cell?

Where is secondary active transport of glucose represented?

Which numeral represents a transporter that could change the pH of the inside of the cell?

Which organisms have loopless nephrons?

Coelomosacs are found in

In insects, KCl is

The principal waste product in ureotelic animals is:

What is the largest molecule that can pass through a nephron?

The colloid osmotic pressure is best defined as the

If the blood pressure in the glomerular capillary is +7 kPa, the colloid osmotic pressure is –3 kPa, and the capsular fluid hydrostatic pressure is –2 kPa, then the filtration pressure is _______ kPa.

If the filtration pressure is +8 kPa, the colloid osmotic pressure is –2 kPa, and the capsular fluid hydrostatic pressure is –1 kPa, then the pressure in the glomerular capillaries is _______ kPa.

Which of the following will not have an effect on the glomerular blood pressure?

In amphibians, sodium reabsorption begins in

In amphibians, chloride reabsorption begins in

Which substance(s) can be present in the proximal convoluted tubule in amphibians’ nephrons?

Which hormone controls water regulation in the kidney?

In amphibians, when ADH is released, the number of aquaporins in the bladder

Which sequence demonstrates the correct order of the structures of a mammalian nephron from blood to ureter?

The macula densa in mammalian nephrons secrete

The active transport of NaCl in the ascending limb of loop of Henle leads to

Urea is reabsorbed in the collecting duct by

The vasa recta are

Some medications to treat hypertension act on the

In the mammalian proximal convoluted tubule, sodium reabsorption is coupled with

Which number corresponds to the lowest osmolarity?

Which number signifies the area that will not reabsorb water?

Which area shows the highest variation in osmolarily?

Which structure is usually not found in marine teleosts?

Which statement about marine teleosts is true?

Insects have excretory tubules known as

A direct effect of the active transport of NaCl in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is that the fluid in the _ becomes _.