40 Questions
Where are the adrenal glands located?
In the superior aspects of the left and right kidneys
What type of hormone is synthesized from cholesterol?
Steroidal hormones
What percentage of the adrenal gland is composed of the adrenal cortex?
80-90%
Which hormone is synthesized in the zona glomerulosa?
Aldosterone
What is the primary function of aldosterone?
Regulating electrolyte balance and blood pressure
What is the primary function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in relation to cortisol synthesis?
Stimulation of cortisol synthesis
What is the name of the zona where cortisol is produced?
Zona fasciculata
What is the primary hormone produced in the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine
Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Catecholamines
What is the name of the zone in the adrenal cortex where cortisol is synthesized?
Zona fasciculata
Which hormone is responsible for sugar metabolism?
Cortisol
What is the primary function of aldosterone in the adrenal gland?
Regulation of salt levels
Which hormone stimulates the synthesis of cortisol?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Which zone of the adrenal gland is responsible for the synthesis of androgens?
Zona reticularis
Which catecholamine is synthesized in the adrenal medulla?
All of the above
What is the effect of α1 adrenergic receptors on smooth muscles?
Vasoconstriction
What is the effect of cortisol on the immune system?
Inhibition
What is the effect of β2 adrenergic receptors on bronchial smooth muscles?
Relaxation
What is the effect of cortisol on bone tissue?
Demineralization
What is the overall effect of α and β receptor activation?
Increased nutrient supply to muscle
What is the effect of high protein diet on glucagon secretion?
Increases glucagon secretion after a meal
Which of the following hormones is anorexigenic and promotes satiety?
Leptin
What is the effect of epinephrine on glucagon secretion?
Increases glucagon secretion during fasting state/stress
What is the function of the zona fasciculata in the adrenal cortex?
Produces cortisol
What is the characteristic of the insulin:glucagon ratio in the anabolic pathway?
High insulin:glucagon ratio
What is the primary location of Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Receptor Type 1?
Corticotrophs
What is the outcome of increased intracellular calcium in Corticotrophs?
Exocytosis of vesicles containing ACTH
What is the role of Corticotropin Releasing Hormone in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis?
Activation of Corticotrophs to produce ACTH
What is the pathway by which Corticotropin Releasing Hormone activates Corticotrophs?
GPCR → cAMP → PKA → calcium channels
What is the location of Corticotropin Releasing Hormone production?
Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
What is the primary function of norepinephrine and epinephrine?
Increasing heart rate and blood pressure
What stimulates the synthesis of cortisol?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
What is the primary function of cortisol?
Maintaining blood sugar levels
Which zone of the adrenal cortex is responsible for the synthesis of aldosterone?
Zona glomerulosa
What is the primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
Stimulating the synthesis of cortisol
What is the primary function of the adrenal gland?
Producing hormones that regulate various physiological processes
What is the primary function of aldosterone?
Regulating electrolyte balance
What is the primary function of catecholamines?
Increasing heart rate and blood pressure
What is the primary function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis?
Regulating the synthesis of cortisol
Which hormone is responsible for the regulation of cortisol synthesis?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Learn about the structure and function of the adrenal glands, including their location, histologic layers, and hormones produced. Understand the zones of the adrenal cortex and their respective hormones.
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