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Questions and Answers
Which part of the adrenal gland is responsible for producing glucocorticoids?
Which part of the adrenal gland is responsible for producing glucocorticoids?
- Renal cortex
- Adrenal medulla
- Renal medulla
- Adrenal cortex (correct)
What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids?
What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids?
- Prepare the body for 'fight or flight' response
- Regulate glucose metabolism
- Regulate electrolyte balance and blood pressure (correct)
- Regulate emotional responses and movement
Which hormone is not produced by the adrenal medulla?
Which hormone is not produced by the adrenal medulla?
- Norepinephrine
- Epinephrine
- Aldosterone (correct)
- Dopamine
Which disorder is characterized by excess cortisol?
Which disorder is characterized by excess cortisol?
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Norepinephrine primarily affects which bodily functions?
Norepinephrine primarily affects which bodily functions?
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What are the main categories of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex?
What are the main categories of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex?
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Study Notes
Adrenal Gland
Location and Structure
- Located on top of the kidneys
- Two adrenal glands, one on each kidney
- Consists of two parts: adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
Adrenal Cortex
- Outer layer of the adrenal gland
- Produces three types of hormones:
- Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol)
- Regulate glucose metabolism and response to stress
- Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone)
- Regulate electrolyte balance and blood pressure
- Androgens (e.g., androstenedione)
- Regulate male characteristics and reproductive functions
- Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol)
Adrenal Medulla
- Inner layer of the adrenal gland
- Produces catecholamines:
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- Prepares the body for "fight or flight" response
- Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
- Increases heart rate and blood pressure
- Dopamine
- Regulates emotional responses and movement
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Functions
- Regulates stress response
- Maintains electrolyte balance and blood pressure
- Regulates glucose metabolism
- Supports reproductive functions
Clinical Significance
- Disorders of the adrenal gland can lead to:
- Cushing's syndrome (excess cortisol)
- Addison's disease (adrenal insufficiency)
- Pheochromocytoma (tumor of the adrenal medulla)
Adrenal Gland
Location and Structure
- Located on top of the kidneys, one on each kidney
- Composed of two parts: adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
Adrenal Cortex
- Outer layer of the adrenal gland
- Produces three types of hormones: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens
- Glucocorticoids regulate glucose metabolism and response to stress
- Mineralocorticoids regulate electrolyte balance and blood pressure
- Androgens regulate male characteristics and reproductive functions
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
- Glucocorticoids:
- Cortisol regulates glucose metabolism and response to stress
- Mineralocorticoids:
- Aldosterone regulates electrolyte balance and blood pressure
- Androgens:
- Androstenedione regulates male characteristics and reproductive functions
Adrenal Medulla
- Inner layer of the adrenal gland
- Produces catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
- Epinephrine prepares the body for "fight or flight" response
- Norepinephrine increases heart rate and blood pressure
- Dopamine regulates emotional responses and movement
Functions
- Regulates stress response
- Maintains electrolyte balance and blood pressure
- Regulates glucose metabolism
- Supports reproductive functions
Clinical Significance
- Cushing's syndrome: excess cortisol production
- Addison's disease: adrenal insufficiency
- Pheochromocytoma: tumor of the adrenal medulla
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