Adaptive Immunity: An Introduction
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Adaptive Immunity: An Introduction

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Questions and Answers

Which type of immunity primarily involves T cells and is mainly responsible for defending against intracellular pathogens?

  • Cell mediated immunity (correct)
  • Humoral immunity
  • Passive immunity
  • Innate immunity
  • What is the primary role of antigen presenting cells (APCs) in the adaptive immune response?

  • To process and present antigens to T cells (correct)
  • To destroy pathogens directly
  • To increase the production of B cells
  • To produce antibodies against antigens
  • Which characteristic of adaptive immunity involves the generation of a tailored response following exposure to a specific pathogen?

  • Clonal expansion
  • Specificity (correct)
  • Memory
  • Robust response
  • Which of the following statements accurately describes a T cell receptor?

    <p>It can only bind to antigens presented by APCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a pathogen evades the humoral immune response, which component of the adaptive immune system would primarily be involved in addressing the intracellular threat?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of the adaptive immune system?

    <p>Long-lasting immunity and memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly distinguishes a component of the adaptive immune system from the innate immune system?

    <p>Adaptive immunity is slower to activate than innate immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is primarily mediated by B cells?

    <p>Humoral immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding cytokines and their roles is true?

    <p>Cytokines help in regulation of immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the complement system in the adaptive immune response?

    <p>Opsonization and tagging pathogens for destruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT typically considered part of the adaptive immune system?

    <p>Macrophages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mechanical barriers contribute to the innate immune system?

    <p>By forming physical obstructive layers against pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune response is characterized by the production of memory cells?

    <p>Adaptive immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers a lichenoid reaction in hyperplasia?

    <p>Idiopathic causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily involved in the mechanism of action of pemphigus vulgaris?

    <p>Autoantibodies production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune response is primarily involved in Sjogren's syndrome?

    <p>Both humoral and cellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do epithelial cells express in response to antigenic challenge in hyperplasia?

    <p>ICAM-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cellular response in pemphigus vulgaris?

    <p>Increased macrophage activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine-related mechanism is most directly associated with hyperplasia?

    <p>Cytokine release due to T cell chemotaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune cells are the major effectors in the humoral immune response?

    <p>Plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is involved in the tissue destruction process during hyperplasia?

    <p>Liquefactive degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the removal of the offending material in a lichenoid reaction?

    <p>Resolution of the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two types of pathogenic responses initiate a cell-mediated immune response?

    <p>Cancer cells and virus-infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the innate immune system?

    <p>Specificity to pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effector cell is primarily responsible for antigen presentation in the immune response?

    <p>Macrophage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of interferon gamma (IFNγ) in the immune system?

    <p>Activates macrophages and NK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the adaptive immune system considered specific?

    <p>It generates a unique response to each pathogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is primarily involved in the early stages of inflammation?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?

    <p>Adaptive immunity is choreographed and specific.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cell is specifically involved in the response to parasitic infections?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells is NOT part of the innate immune system?

    <p>B lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mast cells in the immune system?

    <p>Release inflammatory mediators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are adaptive immune cells primarily activated?

    <p>In the lymph nodes and spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of keeping T and B cells apart in the lymph nodes?

    <p>To minimize inappropriate activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of the adaptive immune system allows it to respond specifically to distinct antigens?

    <p>Specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process follows primary exposure to an antigen, resulting in faster responses upon re-exposure?

    <p>Memory formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the diversity of the adaptive immune system?

    <p>Ability to recognize a vast variety of antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes the function of non-reactivity to self in the immune system?

    <p>Prevents injury to the host by the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of specialisation within the adaptive immune system?

    <p>It generates responses optimal for different organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase does the immune system take approximately 10 days to respond to a pathogen?

    <p>Primary exposure phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the immune response upon resolution of an infection?

    <p>It switches off</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the adaptive immune system is directly responsible for increasing lymphocyte populations specific to a pathogen?

    <p>Clonal expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly identifies the relationship between T cells and B cells within the lymph nodes?

    <p>They are kept apart to prevent activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Objectives

    • Describe cellular and soluble components of the adaptive immune system.
    • Discuss the key functions of the adaptive immune system.
    • Distinguish between humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
    • Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity.

    Innate Immunity Overview

    • Mechanical barriers include:

      • Epithelial layers: block microbial entry.
      • Enzymes/low pH: degrade microbial structures.
      • Commensal microbes: compete with pathogens.
    • Circulating effector proteins include:

      • Cytokines: regulate immune cell activities and responses.
      • Complement: involved in opsonization, neutralization, coagulation, and membrane attack complex formation.
      • C-reactive protein: aids in opsonization and complement activation.
    • Key inflammatory cytokines:

      • TNFα: stimulates inflammation and activates neutrophils.
      • IL-1β: activates endothelial cells and promotes coagulation.
      • IFNγ: essential for anti-viral responses and activating macrophages.
      • IL-8: attracts neutrophils during inflammation.
    • Effector cells' functions include:

      • Macrophages: phagocytosis and antigen presentation.
      • Neutrophils: respond quickly to inflammation.
      • Dendritic cells: present antigens and produce cytokines.
      • NK cells: identify and kill infected or tumor cells.
      • Eosinophils and basophils: granular release for anti-parasitic responses.
      • Mast cells: release histamine, a potent inflammatory mediator.

    Adaptive Immunity Concepts

    • Adaptive immunity is specific, robust, and adapts to fight distinct antigens.

    • Distinction between innate and adaptive immunity:

      • Innate immunity provides immediate, non-specific defense.
      • Adaptive immunity provides tailored, specific immune responses.
    • Components of the adaptive immune system:

      • T cells and B cells are housed in lymph nodes and spleen to minimize inappropriate activation.
      • Key characteristics include:
        • Specificity: distinct responses for different antigens.
        • Diversity: recognition of a vast array of antigens.
        • Memory: rapid responses upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
        • Clonal expansion: proliferation of pathogen-specific lymphocytes.
        • Specialization: optimal responses against various pathogens.
        • Non-reactivity to self: prevention of damage to host tissues.

    Types of Adaptive Immune Responses

    • Adaptive immunity consists of:
      • Humoral immunity: mediated by B cells and antibodies, effective against extracellular pathogens.
      • Cell-mediated immunity: realized through T cells, targeting intracellular pathogens.

    Summary of Key Points

    • Essential characteristics of adaptive immunity:

      • Specificity, memory, clonal expansion, robust responses, primary and secondary response phases.
    • Main components of adaptive immunity:

      • B cells, T cells, antibodies, and cytokines.
    • Adaptive immunity acts as the final defense line against pathogens.

    Additional Information

    • Definitions of key terms:
      • Antigen: substance initiating an immune response.
      • Antigen-presenting cells (APCs): process and present antigens to lymphocytes.
      • B cell receptor: membrane-bound antibody on B cells.
      • T cell receptor: recognizes antigens presented by APCs; involves T helper and cytotoxic T cells.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of adaptive immunity, including its cellular and soluble components. It aims to differentiate between humoral and cell-mediated immunity and to compare adaptive immunity with innate immunity. Perfect for students preparing for advanced study in immunology.

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