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Questions and Answers
Which type of immunity primarily involves T cells and is mainly responsible for defending against intracellular pathogens?
What is the primary role of antigen presenting cells (APCs) in the adaptive immune response?
Which characteristic of adaptive immunity involves the generation of a tailored response following exposure to a specific pathogen?
Which of the following statements accurately describes a T cell receptor?
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If a pathogen evades the humoral immune response, which component of the adaptive immune system would primarily be involved in addressing the intracellular threat?
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What is a primary function of the adaptive immune system?
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Which of the following correctly distinguishes a component of the adaptive immune system from the innate immune system?
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Which type of immunity is primarily mediated by B cells?
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Which of the following statements regarding cytokines and their roles is true?
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What is the role of the complement system in the adaptive immune response?
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Which component is NOT typically considered part of the adaptive immune system?
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How do mechanical barriers contribute to the innate immune system?
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Which type of immune response is characterized by the production of memory cells?
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What triggers a lichenoid reaction in hyperplasia?
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Which process is primarily involved in the mechanism of action of pemphigus vulgaris?
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Which type of immune response is primarily involved in Sjogren's syndrome?
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What do epithelial cells express in response to antigenic challenge in hyperplasia?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cellular response in pemphigus vulgaris?
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Which cytokine-related mechanism is most directly associated with hyperplasia?
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What type of immune cells are the major effectors in the humoral immune response?
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Which factor is involved in the tissue destruction process during hyperplasia?
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What is the result of the removal of the offending material in a lichenoid reaction?
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Which two types of pathogenic responses initiate a cell-mediated immune response?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the innate immune system?
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Which effector cell is primarily responsible for antigen presentation in the immune response?
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What is the main function of interferon gamma (IFNγ) in the immune system?
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Why is the adaptive immune system considered specific?
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Which type of cell is primarily involved in the early stages of inflammation?
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What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
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Which immune cell is specifically involved in the response to parasitic infections?
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Which of the following cells is NOT part of the innate immune system?
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What is the primary role of mast cells in the immune system?
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Where are adaptive immune cells primarily activated?
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What is the primary role of keeping T and B cells apart in the lymph nodes?
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Which characteristic of the adaptive immune system allows it to respond specifically to distinct antigens?
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What process follows primary exposure to an antigen, resulting in faster responses upon re-exposure?
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What characterizes the diversity of the adaptive immune system?
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Which statement describes the function of non-reactivity to self in the immune system?
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What is the significance of specialisation within the adaptive immune system?
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In which phase does the immune system take approximately 10 days to respond to a pathogen?
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What happens to the immune response upon resolution of an infection?
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What aspect of the adaptive immune system is directly responsible for increasing lymphocyte populations specific to a pathogen?
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Which of the following correctly identifies the relationship between T cells and B cells within the lymph nodes?
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Study Notes
Learning Objectives
- Describe cellular and soluble components of the adaptive immune system.
- Discuss the key functions of the adaptive immune system.
- Distinguish between humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
- Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate Immunity Overview
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Mechanical barriers include:
- Epithelial layers: block microbial entry.
- Enzymes/low pH: degrade microbial structures.
- Commensal microbes: compete with pathogens.
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Circulating effector proteins include:
- Cytokines: regulate immune cell activities and responses.
- Complement: involved in opsonization, neutralization, coagulation, and membrane attack complex formation.
- C-reactive protein: aids in opsonization and complement activation.
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Key inflammatory cytokines:
- TNFα: stimulates inflammation and activates neutrophils.
- IL-1β: activates endothelial cells and promotes coagulation.
- IFNγ: essential for anti-viral responses and activating macrophages.
- IL-8: attracts neutrophils during inflammation.
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Effector cells' functions include:
- Macrophages: phagocytosis and antigen presentation.
- Neutrophils: respond quickly to inflammation.
- Dendritic cells: present antigens and produce cytokines.
- NK cells: identify and kill infected or tumor cells.
- Eosinophils and basophils: granular release for anti-parasitic responses.
- Mast cells: release histamine, a potent inflammatory mediator.
Adaptive Immunity Concepts
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Adaptive immunity is specific, robust, and adapts to fight distinct antigens.
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Distinction between innate and adaptive immunity:
- Innate immunity provides immediate, non-specific defense.
- Adaptive immunity provides tailored, specific immune responses.
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Components of the adaptive immune system:
- T cells and B cells are housed in lymph nodes and spleen to minimize inappropriate activation.
- Key characteristics include:
- Specificity: distinct responses for different antigens.
- Diversity: recognition of a vast array of antigens.
- Memory: rapid responses upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
- Clonal expansion: proliferation of pathogen-specific lymphocytes.
- Specialization: optimal responses against various pathogens.
- Non-reactivity to self: prevention of damage to host tissues.
Types of Adaptive Immune Responses
- Adaptive immunity consists of:
- Humoral immunity: mediated by B cells and antibodies, effective against extracellular pathogens.
- Cell-mediated immunity: realized through T cells, targeting intracellular pathogens.
Summary of Key Points
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Essential characteristics of adaptive immunity:
- Specificity, memory, clonal expansion, robust responses, primary and secondary response phases.
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Main components of adaptive immunity:
- B cells, T cells, antibodies, and cytokines.
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Adaptive immunity acts as the final defense line against pathogens.
Additional Information
- Definitions of key terms:
- Antigen: substance initiating an immune response.
- Antigen-presenting cells (APCs): process and present antigens to lymphocytes.
- B cell receptor: membrane-bound antibody on B cells.
- T cell receptor: recognizes antigens presented by APCs; involves T helper and cytotoxic T cells.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of adaptive immunity, including its cellular and soluble components. It aims to differentiate between humoral and cell-mediated immunity and to compare adaptive immunity with innate immunity. Perfect for students preparing for advanced study in immunology.