Introduction to Adaptive Immunity
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Introduction to Adaptive Immunity

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following cells are effector cells involved in the innate immune response?

  • B cells
  • Neutrophils (correct)
  • Dendritic cells (correct)
  • T cells

    • The innate immune system has memory, allowing it to respond faster to previously encountered pathogens.

    False

    What is one key function of macrophages in the immune system?

    Phagocytosis

    The adaptive immune system must be ______ to effectively combat specific pathogens.

    <p>specific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each cell type to its primary function:

    <p>Macrophage = Antigen presentation and inflammation regulation Neutrophil = Early inflammation and phagocytosis Dendritic cell = Cytokine production and antigen presentation NK cell = Killing infected and tumor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What response is initiated by autoantibodies to desmogleins in pemphigus vulgaris?

    <p>Humoral immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperplasia can occur as a result of contact with dental materials.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What autoimmune condition involves destruction of exocrine glands?

    <p>Sjogren’s syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    B cells are primarily responsible for the _____ immune response.

    <p>humoral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine release mechanism is involved in T cell chemotaxis?

    <p>Antigenic challenge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one major effector function of T cells.

    <p>Cytotoxicity or cytokine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immune response components to their functions:

    <p>B cells = Produce antibodies T regulatory cells = Regulate immune response Cytotoxic T cells = Kill infected cells Helper T cells = Support B cells and other T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell-mediated immune responses primarily utilize B cells to fight infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of adaptive immunity is primarily involved in responding to intracellular pathogens?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    B cells are primarily responsible for the cell-mediated response.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a key characteristic of adaptive immunity.

    <p>Specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ response is characterized by a robust and memory-driven action against pathogens.

    <p>adaptive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of T cells with their functions:

    <p>CD8 = Cytotoxic T cells CD4 = T helper cells Cytotoxic T cells = Killing infected cells T helper cells = Activating B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antigen-presenting cells?

    <p>Present antigens to lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clonal expansion results in the production of diverse immune cell types.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of response involves B cells and antibodies?

    <p>Humoral response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics of the adaptive immune system enhances responses upon re-exposure to the same antigen?

    <p>Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    T and B cells are kept together in the lymph nodes to prevent inappropriate activation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the expansion of pathogen-specific lymphocytes in the adaptive immune response?

    <p>Clonal expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adaptive immune system generates responses that are optimal for defense against different types of __________.

    <p>organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the characteristics of the adaptive immune system to their descriptions:

    <p>Specificity = Targets distinct antigens Diversity = Recognizes a vast variety of antigens Memory = Rapid response upon re-exposure Non-reactivity to self = Prevents injury to the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the characteristic of 'non-reactivity to self' in the adaptive immune system prevent?

    <p>Injury to the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The initial response time for primary exposure in the adaptive immune system is approximately 5 days.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of keeping T and B cells apart in lymph nodes?

    <p>To minimize inappropriate activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the innate immunity system?

    <p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adaptive immunity functions only through circulating antibodies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one key function of cytokines in the immune system.

    <p>Regulate immune cells and responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary role of _______ is to prevent microbial entry.

    <p>Epithelial layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their functions:

    <p>Complement = Opsonisation and MAC formation IL-1β = Key inflammatory mediator C-reactive protein = Activation of complement TNFα = Stimulator of inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?

    <p>Ability to remember pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Commensal microbes assist in outcompeting pathogens.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two examples of effector cells involved in innate immunity.

    <p>Neutrophils and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Objectives

    • Describe cellular and soluble components of the adaptive immune system.
    • Discuss the key functions of the adaptive immune system.
    • Distinguish between humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
    • Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity.

    Innate Immunity Overview

    • Mechanical barriers include:

      • Epithelial layers: block microbial entry.
      • Enzymes/low pH: degrade microbial structures.
      • Commensal microbes: compete with pathogens.

    • Circulating effector proteins include:

      • Cytokines: regulate immune cell activities and responses.
      • Complement: involved in opsonization, neutralization, coagulation, and membrane attack complex formation.
      • C-reactive protein: aids in opsonization and complement activation.

    • Key inflammatory cytokines:

      • TNFα: stimulates inflammation and activates neutrophils.
      • IL-1β: activates endothelial cells and promotes coagulation.
      • IFNγ: essential for anti-viral responses and activating macrophages.
      • IL-8: attracts neutrophils during inflammation.

    • Effector cells' functions include:

      • Macrophages: phagocytosis and antigen presentation.
      • Neutrophils: respond quickly to inflammation.
      • Dendritic cells: present antigens and produce cytokines.
      • NK cells: identify and kill infected or tumor cells.
      • Eosinophils and basophils: granular release for anti-parasitic responses.
      • Mast cells: release histamine, a potent inflammatory mediator.

    Adaptive Immunity Concepts

    • Adaptive immunity is specific, robust, and adapts to fight distinct antigens.

    • Distinction between innate and adaptive immunity:

      • Innate immunity provides immediate, non-specific defense.
      • Adaptive immunity provides tailored, specific immune responses.

    • Components of the adaptive immune system:

      • T cells and B cells are housed in lymph nodes and spleen to minimize inappropriate activation.
      • Key characteristics include:
        • Specificity: distinct responses for different antigens.
        • Diversity: recognition of a vast array of antigens.
        • Memory: rapid responses upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
        • Clonal expansion: proliferation of pathogen-specific lymphocytes.
        • Specialization: optimal responses against various pathogens.
        • Non-reactivity to self: prevention of damage to host tissues.

    Types of Adaptive Immune Responses

    • Adaptive immunity consists of:
      • Humoral immunity: mediated by B cells and antibodies, effective against extracellular pathogens.
      • Cell-mediated immunity: realized through T cells, targeting intracellular pathogens.

    Summary of Key Points

    • Essential characteristics of adaptive immunity:

      • Specificity, memory, clonal expansion, robust responses, primary and secondary response phases.

    • Main components of adaptive immunity:

      • B cells, T cells, antibodies, and cytokines.

    • Adaptive immunity acts as the final defense line against pathogens.

    Additional Information

    • Definitions of key terms:
      • Antigen: substance initiating an immune response.
      • Antigen-presenting cells (APCs): process and present antigens to lymphocytes.
      • B cell receptor: membrane-bound antibody on B cells.
      • T cell receptor: recognizes antigens presented by APCs; involves T helper and cytotoxic T cells.

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    Description

    This quiz introduces the components and functions of the adaptive immune system. It covers key concepts distinguishing between humoral and cell-mediated immunity, as well as how adaptive immunity compares to innate immunity. Perfect for foundational understanding before diving deeper into the subject.

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