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Questions and Answers
Which of the following cells are effector cells involved in the innate immune response?
Which of the following cells are effector cells involved in the innate immune response?
The innate immune system has memory, allowing it to respond faster to previously encountered pathogens.
The innate immune system has memory, allowing it to respond faster to previously encountered pathogens.
False
What is one key function of macrophages in the immune system?
What is one key function of macrophages in the immune system?
Phagocytosis
The adaptive immune system must be ______ to effectively combat specific pathogens.
The adaptive immune system must be ______ to effectively combat specific pathogens.
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Match each cell type to its primary function:
Match each cell type to its primary function:
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What response is initiated by autoantibodies to desmogleins in pemphigus vulgaris?
What response is initiated by autoantibodies to desmogleins in pemphigus vulgaris?
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Hyperplasia can occur as a result of contact with dental materials.
Hyperplasia can occur as a result of contact with dental materials.
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What autoimmune condition involves destruction of exocrine glands?
What autoimmune condition involves destruction of exocrine glands?
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B cells are primarily responsible for the _____ immune response.
B cells are primarily responsible for the _____ immune response.
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Which cytokine release mechanism is involved in T cell chemotaxis?
Which cytokine release mechanism is involved in T cell chemotaxis?
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Name one major effector function of T cells.
Name one major effector function of T cells.
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Match the immune response components to their functions:
Match the immune response components to their functions:
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Cell-mediated immune responses primarily utilize B cells to fight infections.
Cell-mediated immune responses primarily utilize B cells to fight infections.
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Which type of adaptive immunity is primarily involved in responding to intracellular pathogens?
Which type of adaptive immunity is primarily involved in responding to intracellular pathogens?
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B cells are primarily responsible for the cell-mediated response.
B cells are primarily responsible for the cell-mediated response.
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Name a key characteristic of adaptive immunity.
Name a key characteristic of adaptive immunity.
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The __________ response is characterized by a robust and memory-driven action against pathogens.
The __________ response is characterized by a robust and memory-driven action against pathogens.
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Match the following types of T cells with their functions:
Match the following types of T cells with their functions:
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What is the role of antigen-presenting cells?
What is the role of antigen-presenting cells?
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Clonal expansion results in the production of diverse immune cell types.
Clonal expansion results in the production of diverse immune cell types.
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What type of response involves B cells and antibodies?
What type of response involves B cells and antibodies?
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Which of the following characteristics of the adaptive immune system enhances responses upon re-exposure to the same antigen?
Which of the following characteristics of the adaptive immune system enhances responses upon re-exposure to the same antigen?
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T and B cells are kept together in the lymph nodes to prevent inappropriate activation.
T and B cells are kept together in the lymph nodes to prevent inappropriate activation.
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What is the term used for the expansion of pathogen-specific lymphocytes in the adaptive immune response?
What is the term used for the expansion of pathogen-specific lymphocytes in the adaptive immune response?
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The adaptive immune system generates responses that are optimal for defense against different types of __________.
The adaptive immune system generates responses that are optimal for defense against different types of __________.
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Match the characteristics of the adaptive immune system to their descriptions:
Match the characteristics of the adaptive immune system to their descriptions:
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What does the characteristic of 'non-reactivity to self' in the adaptive immune system prevent?
What does the characteristic of 'non-reactivity to self' in the adaptive immune system prevent?
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The initial response time for primary exposure in the adaptive immune system is approximately 5 days.
The initial response time for primary exposure in the adaptive immune system is approximately 5 days.
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What is the purpose of keeping T and B cells apart in lymph nodes?
What is the purpose of keeping T and B cells apart in lymph nodes?
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Which of the following is NOT a part of the innate immunity system?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the innate immunity system?
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Adaptive immunity functions only through circulating antibodies.
Adaptive immunity functions only through circulating antibodies.
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Name one key function of cytokines in the immune system.
Name one key function of cytokines in the immune system.
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The primary role of _______ is to prevent microbial entry.
The primary role of _______ is to prevent microbial entry.
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Match the following components with their functions:
Match the following components with their functions:
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What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
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Commensal microbes assist in outcompeting pathogens.
Commensal microbes assist in outcompeting pathogens.
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List two examples of effector cells involved in innate immunity.
List two examples of effector cells involved in innate immunity.
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Study Notes
Learning Objectives
- Describe cellular and soluble components of the adaptive immune system.
- Discuss the key functions of the adaptive immune system.
- Distinguish between humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
- Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate Immunity Overview
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Mechanical barriers include:
- Epithelial layers: block microbial entry.
- Enzymes/low pH: degrade microbial structures.
- Commensal microbes: compete with pathogens.
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Circulating effector proteins include:
- Cytokines: regulate immune cell activities and responses.
- Complement: involved in opsonization, neutralization, coagulation, and membrane attack complex formation.
- C-reactive protein: aids in opsonization and complement activation.
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Key inflammatory cytokines:
- TNFα: stimulates inflammation and activates neutrophils.
- IL-1β: activates endothelial cells and promotes coagulation.
- IFNγ: essential for anti-viral responses and activating macrophages.
- IL-8: attracts neutrophils during inflammation.
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Effector cells' functions include:
- Macrophages: phagocytosis and antigen presentation.
- Neutrophils: respond quickly to inflammation.
- Dendritic cells: present antigens and produce cytokines.
- NK cells: identify and kill infected or tumor cells.
- Eosinophils and basophils: granular release for anti-parasitic responses.
- Mast cells: release histamine, a potent inflammatory mediator.
Adaptive Immunity Concepts
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Adaptive immunity is specific, robust, and adapts to fight distinct antigens.
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Distinction between innate and adaptive immunity:
- Innate immunity provides immediate, non-specific defense.
- Adaptive immunity provides tailored, specific immune responses.
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Components of the adaptive immune system:
- T cells and B cells are housed in lymph nodes and spleen to minimize inappropriate activation.
- Key characteristics include:
- Specificity: distinct responses for different antigens.
- Diversity: recognition of a vast array of antigens.
- Memory: rapid responses upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
- Clonal expansion: proliferation of pathogen-specific lymphocytes.
- Specialization: optimal responses against various pathogens.
- Non-reactivity to self: prevention of damage to host tissues.
Types of Adaptive Immune Responses
- Adaptive immunity consists of:
- Humoral immunity: mediated by B cells and antibodies, effective against extracellular pathogens.
- Cell-mediated immunity: realized through T cells, targeting intracellular pathogens.
Summary of Key Points
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Essential characteristics of adaptive immunity:
- Specificity, memory, clonal expansion, robust responses, primary and secondary response phases.
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Main components of adaptive immunity:
- B cells, T cells, antibodies, and cytokines.
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Adaptive immunity acts as the final defense line against pathogens.
Additional Information
- Definitions of key terms:
- Antigen: substance initiating an immune response.
- Antigen-presenting cells (APCs): process and present antigens to lymphocytes.
- B cell receptor: membrane-bound antibody on B cells.
- T cell receptor: recognizes antigens presented by APCs; involves T helper and cytotoxic T cells.
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Description
This quiz introduces the components and functions of the adaptive immune system. It covers key concepts distinguishing between humoral and cell-mediated immunity, as well as how adaptive immunity compares to innate immunity. Perfect for foundational understanding before diving deeper into the subject.
