Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry Chapter 3 PDF

9/1/2024 Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry Chapter 3 9/1/2024 Bader S. Alabdullah 1 Alkaline Earth Metals Members of group 2 of the periodic table Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr),...

9/1/2024 Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry Chapter 3 9/1/2024 Bader S. Alabdullah 1 Alkaline Earth Metals Members of group 2 of the periodic table Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba) and Radium (Ra) Mg & Ca ==> essential ions for the human body Sr ==> radiotherapy Be ==> Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD) Ba ==> radio-contrast agent Ra ==> radioactive 9/1/2024 Bader S. Alabdullah 2 1  9/1/2024 9/1/2024 Bader S. Alabdullah 3 Earth Alkaline Metal Ions Earth alkaline metals + alkali metals = s-block metals They have 2 e- in their outer s-orbital Low IE ==> loss of the e- ==> formation of stable M2+ They are all silvery-white metals with high reactivity, similar to alkali metals, but less soft and less reactive They can be found in the earth’s crust Be occurs as beryl (Be3Al2[Si6O18]), which is also known as aquamarine Mg can be found in rock structures such as magnesite (MgCO3) and dolomite (MgCO3⋅CaCO3) Ca can be found in minerals such as limestone (CaCO3) and its metamorphs such as chalk and marble 9/1/2024 Bader S. Alabdullah 4 2  9/1/2024 Be and CBD Be has minor but important technical applications Be and its compounds are extremely poisonous Even the inhalation of Be or its compounds can lead to serious respiratory diseases such as CBD Soluble Be compounds can cause serious skin irritations Symptoms may occur many years after the exposure and include Cough Fatigue Chest pain 9/1/2024 Bader S. Alabdullah 5 Mg Isotopes of Mg are 24Mg (79% occurrence), 25Mg, 26Mg, and 28Mg which is radioactive with a Half-Life (t1/2) of 21 h Most Mg salts are soluble in water They work in large amounts as laxatives in the human body Magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2] has only limited solubility in water and the resulting suspension is called milk of magnesia Used as an antacid Mg2+ stands in a diagonal relationship to Li+ 9/1/2024 Bader S. Alabdullah 6 3  9/1/2024 Mg Biological Importance Mg2+ is an essential ion in the human body It is a crucial constituent in numerous enzymatic processes signalling molecule Involved in nucleic acid biochemistry ATP has to be coordinated to a magnesium ion Mg2+ also stabilizes DNA and RNA structures 9/1/2024 Bader S. Alabdullah 7 Mg Biological Importance (cont.) Mg2+ form the redox-active centre in chlorophyll Good sources of magnesium are: Green vegetables Milk Whole grain Nuts 9/1/2024 Bader S. Alabdullah 8 4  9/1/2024 Mg Biological Importance (cont.) Mg2+ is the fourth most abundant cation in the human body Mg2+ is the second most abundant ion in the interstitial fluid The human body contains about 24 g of Mg2+ Half of it incorporated into bones The other half present in muscles and soft tissue The majority of Mg2+ is absorbed in the ilium and colon 9/1/2024 Bader S. Alabdullah 9 Mg Biological Importance (cont.) The kidneys are the major excretory organ Mg2+ is filtered at the glomerulus 10–15% is re-absorbed at the proximal tubule 60–70% at the thick part of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle 10–15% at the distal tubule Mg salts are not well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) 9/1/2024 Bader S. Alabdullah 10 5  9/1/2024 Mg Biological Importance (cont.) The kidneys regulate the Mg2+ levels in plasma Hypomagnesia can cause muscle weakness and arrhythmia Hypomagnesia can be the result of losses in the GI tract Hypomagnesia is often followed by hypocalcaemia as well as hypokalaemia and hyponatraemia Mg imbalances can also be a result of alcoholism or secondary to treatment with certain drugs 9/1/2024 Bader S. Alabdullah 11 Mg Clinical Applications and Preparations Mg2+ preparations are used as Laxatives Antacids Mg(OH)2 Magnesium trisilicate (Mg2Si3O8) especially in peptic ulcers Treatment of arrhythmia MgSO4 Treatment of eclampsia MgSO4 9/1/2024 Bader S. Alabdullah 12 6  9/1/2024 Mg Clinical Applications and Preparations (cont.) Symptomatic hypomagnesaemia is associated with plasma serum Mg2+ levels of