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Questions and Answers
What can be a consequence of hypomagnesia?
What can be a consequence of hypomagnesia?
Which of the following can lead to hypomagnesia?
Which of the following can lead to hypomagnesia?
What is a clinical application of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)?
What is a clinical application of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)?
Which magnesium preparation is primarily used as an antacid?
Which magnesium preparation is primarily used as an antacid?
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Which electrolyte imbalances are often linked with hypomagnesia?
Which electrolyte imbalances are often linked with hypomagnesia?
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Which of the following alkaline earth metals is known for its role in radiotherapy?
Which of the following alkaline earth metals is known for its role in radiotherapy?
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Which alkaline earth metal can cause Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD)?
Which alkaline earth metal can cause Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD)?
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What is a common mineral form of Magnesium (Mg)?
What is a common mineral form of Magnesium (Mg)?
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What characteristic do all alkaline earth metals share?
What characteristic do all alkaline earth metals share?
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Which alkaline earth metal is primarily used as a radio-contrast agent?
Which alkaline earth metal is primarily used as a radio-contrast agent?
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What is a common effect of inhaling Beryllium or its compounds?
What is a common effect of inhaling Beryllium or its compounds?
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Which statement is TRUE about alkaline earth metals compared to alkali metals?
Which statement is TRUE about alkaline earth metals compared to alkali metals?
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What are the symptoms of Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD)?
What are the symptoms of Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD)?
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What is the primary use of magnesium hydroxide in the human body?
What is the primary use of magnesium hydroxide in the human body?
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Which isotope of magnesium is radioactive and has a half-life of 21 hours?
Which isotope of magnesium is radioactive and has a half-life of 21 hours?
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Which of the following nutrients is a good source of magnesium?
Which of the following nutrients is a good source of magnesium?
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What is the role of Mg2+ in nucleic acid biochemistry?
What is the role of Mg2+ in nucleic acid biochemistry?
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What percentage of magnesium is typically reabsorbed at the proximal tubule?
What percentage of magnesium is typically reabsorbed at the proximal tubule?
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How much magnesium does the human body typically contain?
How much magnesium does the human body typically contain?
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Which statement accurately describes the relationship between Mg2+ and Li+?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between Mg2+ and Li+?
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Where in the human body is the majority of magnesium absorbed?
Where in the human body is the majority of magnesium absorbed?
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Study Notes
Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry - Chapter 3
- Alkaline earth metals are in group 2 of the periodic table.
- They include beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra).
- Magnesium and calcium are essential ions for the human body.
- Strontium is used in radiotherapy.
- Beryllium is linked to Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD).
- Barium is a radio-contrast agent.
- Radium is radioactive.
Earth Alkaline Metal Ions
- Earth alkaline metals, along with alkali metals, are s-block metals.
- They have 2 electrons in their outer s-orbital.
- They have low ionization energies, leading to the formation of stable M²⁺ ions.
- They are silvery-white metals with high reactivity, similar to alkali metals, but less soft and less reactive.
- They are found in the Earth's crust.
- Beryllium is found as beryl (Be₃Al₂[Si₆O₁₈]).
- Magnesium is found in minerals like magnesite (MgCO₃) and dolomite (MgCO₃CaCO₃).
- Calcium is found in limestone (CaCO₃) and its metamorphic forms (like chalk and marble).
Beryllium and Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD)
- Beryllium and its compounds are extremely poisonous.
- Inhalation of beryllium or its compounds can cause serious respiratory diseases, including CBD.
- Soluble beryllium compounds can cause skin irritation.
- Symptoms can appear many years after exposure and include cough, fatigue, and chest pain.
Magnesium (Mg)
- Magnesium isotopes include 24Mg (most common), 25Mg, and 26Mg, and 28Mg (radioactive).
- Most magnesium salts are soluble in water.
- Magnesium is used as a laxative in the human body.
- Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂) is used as milk of magnesia, an antacid, due to only limited solubility in water.
- Mg²⁺ is in a diagonal relationship to Li⁺.
Magnesium Biological Importance
- Mg²⁺ is an essential ion in the human body.
- It is a crucial component in numerous enzymatic processes and signaling molecules.
- It plays a role in nucleic acid biochemistry.
- Mg²⁺ is involved in coordinating ATP and stabilizing DNA and RNA structures.
- Mg²⁺ forms the redox-active center in chlorophyll.
- Good sources of magnesium include vegetables, milk, whole grains, and nuts.
Magnesium Biological Importance (continued)
- Magnesium (Mg²⁺) is the fourth most abundant cation in the human body, and second most abundant ion in the interstitial fluid.
- Approximately 24 grams of Mg²⁺ are in the human body.
- Half is found in bones, the other half in muscles and soft tissue.
- Most of the Mg²⁺ is absorbed by the ilium and colon.
Magnesium Biological Importance (continued)
- The kidneys are the main excretory organ for magnesium.
- Approximately 10-15% of filtered magnesium is reabsorbed at the proximal tubule and 60-70% in the thick part of the ascending limb of Henle and another 10-15% in the distal tubule.
- Magnesium salts are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Regulation of Magnesium
- Kidneys regulate plasma magnesium levels.
- Hypomagnesemia can cause muscle weakness and arrhythmia.
- Hypomagnesemia may result from GI tract losses, often with accompanying hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, and hyponatremia.
- Magnesium imbalances can also result from alcoholism or treatment with certain drugs.
Magnesium Clinical Applications
- Magnesium preparations are used as laxatives and antacids.
- Examples include Mg(OH)₂ (milk of magnesia), and magnesium trisilicate (Mg₂Si₃O₈).
- These preparations are clinically used to treat peptic ulcers, arrhythmias, and eclampsia (with magnesium sulfate).
Magnesium Clinical Applications (continued)
- Symptomatic hypomagnesemia is associated with plasma serum Mg²⁺ levels of <0.5–1 mmol/kg for a period of 5 days or more.
- Magnesium is initially administered intravenously or intramuscularly.
- It can also be given orally as magnesium glycerophosphate tablets.
Magnesium Clinical Preparations (continued)
- Oral administration of magnesium salts can interact with other drugs.
- Drugs such as iron products, antibiotics (nitrofurantoin), antimalarial drugs (proguanil), ACE inhibitors, aspirin, and penicill amines should not be administered at the same time as magnesium salts.
Calcium (Ca)
- Calcium is the most abundant inorganic element in the human body.
- Calcium (Ca²⁺) has extensive roles within the body, both intracellular and extracellular.
- Ca²⁺ is involved in many physiological processes, including: Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) as antacids.
- It is a soft grey alkaline earth metal and has four stable isotopes in its structure (40Ca, 42Ca, 43Ca, and 44Ca).
- Calcium reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂).
Calcium Biological Importance
- Calcium plays crucial roles in the human body.
- It plays a role as a cellular messenger, with significant intra- versus extracellular gradients (1:10,000).
- This gradient is highly regulated by hormones.
- Calcium is essential for bone and tooth formation.
Calcium Biological Importance (continued)
- A typical adult has ~1000g of calcium in their body, 99% of which is stored in bones and teeth.
- Extracellular space contains a portion of the remaining calcium in the body.
- Regulation of intra and extracellular calcium concentration is strictly controlled.
Calcium Biological Importance (continued)
- Modified hydroxyapatite (also known as bone mineral) makes up approximately 50% of bones.
- Hydroxylapatite, a natural form of the mineral calcium apatite, has the formula Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂.
- Similar forms are present in teeth.
Calcium Intake
- Optimal dietary calcium intake helps prevent chronic diseases, bone fragility, high blood pressure, and certain cancers.
- Calcium intake is crucial during different life stages to meet increased body needs: childhood and adolescence, pregnancy, lactation, and old age.
- Calcium intake guidelines are based on age and sex.
Calcium Deficiency
- Osteoporosis is often linked to calcium deficiency impacting bone health.
- Blood calcium levels are carefully regulated by hormones.
- Ca intake and its plasma concentrations are carefully regulated by hormones.
Calcium Deficiency (continued)
- It has been suggested that calcium supplementation can help reduce blood pressure.
- A link between dietary calcium and weight management has been hypothesized.
Renal Osteodystrophy
- Renal osteodystrophy is a bone mineralization deficiency seen in patients with chronic or end-stage renal failure.
- Kidney function is poor in these conditions, so vitamin D activation is impacted, leading to low calcitriol.
- Impaired kidneys contribute to increased phosphate levels, further reducing calcium balance.
Renal Osteodystrophy (continued)
- Vitamin D is activated in the liver to calcidiol and then in the kidney to calcitriol.
- Reduced calcitriol in renal failure leads to decreased Ca²⁺ concentration in blood plasma.
- Increased blood phosphate levels due to kidney impairment further reduce free Ca²⁺.
- The pituitary gland responds to the low Ca²⁺, producing Parathyroid Hormone (PTH).
- Elevated PTH contributes to weakened bone structure.
Kidney Stones
- Around 20–40% of kidney stones are associated with elevated calcium in the urine.
- Dietary calcium intake is implicated in the formation of kidney stones.
- Lower calcium intake was once thought to prevent kidney stones but new research indicates that higher intakes may actually reduce recurrence rates.
Calcium Clinical Applications
- Calcium supplements are usually only necessary when dietary calcium intake is insufficient.
- Calcium gluconate solution is commonly used in acute hypocalcemic disorders and is available in various forms (carbonate, chloride, phosphate, lactate, aspartate, gluconate).
- Calcium citrate is more absorbable than calcium carbonate and is less associated with kidney stone formation.
Calcium Side Effects
- Side effects from calcium supplements are usually only observed with high doses.
- Side effects can include gastrointestinal disturbances like constipation and bloating, and rarely, arrhythmias.
- Calcium can interfere with the absorption of some drugs, such as tetracycline and quinolone antibiotics.
Barium (Ba)
- Barium has atomic number 56.
- Barium is highly reactive.
- Natural sources include barite (barium sulfate (BaSO₄ – lower toxicity).
- Barite is less soluble than witherite (barium carbonate (BaCO₃), which has higher solubility and toxicity).
- Barium is used as an X-ray contrast media and in small amounts as a rat poison.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of alkaline earth metals in this quiz based on Chapter 3 of Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Test your knowledge on essential ions, their applications in health and industry, and their properties in the periodic table. From beryllium to radium, discover their significance in pharmaceuticals and beyond.
