Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry Review PDF

INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW 1 Example CHARACTERISTICS INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY ALKALINE o contain appreciable quantit...

INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY REVIEW 1 Example CHARACTERISTICS INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY ALKALINE o contain appreciable quantities of Na2SO4, WATER MgSO4 and NaHCO3 REVIEWER CARBONATED o contains CO2 under pressure and usually WATER effervesce on coming to the surface Prepared by Cherry Caroline S. Chua, 11-2012 o contain calcium and magnesium carbonates in Revised by Joanna J. Orejola, 09-2013 solution as bicarbonate o can be natural or artificial GROUP IA (1): ALKALI METALS CHALYBEATE o Contains iron in solution or in suspension WATER o Characterized by its ferruginous taste  Possess only one valence electron o Forms ferric hydroxide or ferric oxide upon  Very reactive chemically exposure to air  Seldom found free in nature LITHIA WATER o Do not contain appreciable quantities of lithium,  Lithium, Sodium, and potassium metals are stored under either as carbonate or chloride kerosene→Violent (exothermic, explosive) reaction with water SALINE WATER o Contain relatively high amounts of MgSO4,  Hydrogen, H →(Gk. hydro, water; genes, forming – produces water (PURGATIVE Na2SO4 and NaCl when burned with oxygen) WATER) SULFUR WATER o Contains dissolved H2S and deposit S upon  Lithium, Li →(Gk. lithos, rock – because it occurs in rocks) exposure to the atmosphere  Sodium, Na →(L. sodanum, headache remedy; symbol, L. natrium, SILICEOUS o Water that contain soluble alkali silicates soda) WATER  Potassium, K →(L. kalium, potash) Water Hardness→ due to presence of dissolved minerals in water  Rubidium, Rb →(L. rubidius, dark red – discovered with the  Soft water→Water that does not contain appreciable amounts of spectroscope, its spectrum shows red lines) Ca+2 and Mg+2 ions  Cesium, Cs→ (L. caesium, blue – spectral lines are blue)  Hard water→Water that contains appreciable quantities of minerals  Francium, Fr → (France) Temporary hardness o Contains mainly dissolved calcium and magnesium HYDROGEN, H bicarbonate o Can be removed by boiling (promotes formation of insoluble  “Inflammable Air” calcium carbonate) or by addition of lime, Ca(OH)2  Lightest element o Permanent hardness  Among the alkali metals, only Hydrogen can exist as a monovalent o Contains mainly dissolved calcium and magnesium sulfate ion (H+) or a monovalent anion (H-) and chloride in water  Isotopes: o Cannot be removed by boiling o Protium →Most abundant isotope o Water softening is achieved by the use of ion-exchange resins o Deuterium→ Heavy hydrogen  D2O, heavy water Potable Water o Tritium →Radioactive isotope  water that is fit to drink  Hydrogen, under normal conditions, exist as a diatomic molecule  USP Definition: Water that is obtained by distillation, ion exchange, (H2), though this form is not very useful pharmaceutically or reverse osmosis  Industrial uses:  meets standards for freedom from coliform organisms o Haber process (production of ammonia)  water treated to remove insoluble matter through appropriate o Hydrogenation of oils coagulating, settling, and filtering processes; destruction of o Inflating balloons pathogenic microorganisms by aeration, chlorination, or other methods, and improvement of palatability through aeration and WATER, H2O filtration through charcoal Natural Water/Mineral Water  water fluoridation  contain dissolved minerals (Ca+2, Mg+2, Fe+3, Na+, K+, HCO3-, SO4-2, o Achieved via addition of sodium fluorosilicate Cl-), varying amounts of suspended matter (clay, sand, o For prevention of dental caries microorganisms, fragments of plants and animals), and traces of o Drawback: could cause dental fluorosis (mottling of teeth) dissolved atmospheric gases, ammonia, and metabolic decomposition products Purified Water  Not fit for drinking  Intended for use as an ingredient of official preparations and in tests and assays unless otherwise specified