Year 6 Social Science PDF

1 The Curriculum Development Unit (CDU) section of the Ministry of Education, Heritage and Arts owns the copyright to this Year 6 Social Science Resource Book. Schools may reproduce this in part or in full for classroom purposes only. Acknowledgement must be included on any reproductions. Any other...

1 The Curriculum Development Unit (CDU) section of the Ministry of Education, Heritage and Arts owns the copyright to this Year 6 Social Science Resource Book. Schools may reproduce this in part or in full for classroom purposes only. Acknowledgement must be included on any reproductions. Any other use of this resource book must be referred to the Curriculum Development Unit, Ministry of Education, Heritage and Arts, Fiji. Revised Edition © Ministry of Education, Fiji, 2021 Published by Ministry of Education, Heritage and Arts Waisomo House Private Mail Bag Suva Fiji 2 A This Year 6 Social Studies Resource book has been produced by the Curriculum Advisory Service Unit. The following people are acknowledged for their contributions in the development of this book. Mr Sikeli Qio Dudley Intermediate School Mr Johnson Rura Ro Camaisala Memorial School Ms Vasemaca Doka Curriculum Development Unit Primary Mr Rohit Prasad CDU Mr Nitesh Prasad CDU Mr Aminio Kaivuaqava- CDU The workgroup members Mr.Raneel Rinesh Prasad Deenbandhoo Memorial Mr.Tifere Versoni Mausio Stella Maris Primary Mr.Josevata Rokodua Vieuto Primary Mr.Anil Chand Nehru Memorial Ms.Romeeka Rajashree Nand A.O.G Primary Mr.Peni Niukalasi Vatuwaqa Primary Ms.Sheenu Joytishna Chandra SSM Primary Mrs.Maopa A. Saumi Dilkusha Girls Mr.Umesh Prasad Nasinu Sangam Mr. Maretino Koroivuki Delainamasi Government School Ms. Laleshni Prasad M.G.M Primary Mr. Keasi Delana Jnr Live and Learn 2  TABLE OF CONTENTS STRAND 1.0 Social Organisation and Processes Pages 1.1 Personal, Social Groups and Processes 4 - 12 1.2 Cultural Identity, Diversity and Cohesion 13 - 24 STRAND 2.0 Time, Continuity and Change 2.1 Understanding The Past 25 - 31 2.2 Continuity and Change 32 – 34 STRAND 3.0 Place and Environment 3.1 Features of Places 35– 47 3.2 People and Care of Places 48 - 53 STRAND 4.0 Resources and Economic Activities 4.1 Uses and Management of Resources 54 – 59 4.2 People and Work 60 - 69 References 70 Glossary 71 - 72 3  STRAND 1: SOCIAL ORGANISATION AND PROCESSES Sub Strand: Personal, Social Groups and Processes Achievement Indicators  Discuss the structure, functions and roles of a local government.  Compile and describe its importance to the progress of their communities. Local Government Local government is defined as the people who have the right to make decisions or pass laws in a small area near to them. An example of local government is the town council. It is under the umbrella of the Ministry of Local Government, Urban Development, Housing and Environment. The other departments are the department of Town and Country Planning, Department of Housing and the Department of Environment. The role of the department is to provide policy direction and to monitor the performance of the governing authorities at local level which are the Municipal Councils of Fiji. The department also provides policy direction and monitors the performance of the National Fire Authority. My Local Government Case Study 1 Joseva lives at Lot 100, Brown Street, Toorak. He is an eight year old boy in year 4 and attends Marist Brothers Primary School. Brown Street is a road which runs beside the Colonial War Memorial Hospital (CWMH) beginning at the junction of Amy Street and Waimanu Road right where it meets Rewa Street. This area is under the Suva Municipal Council. 4 Case Study 2 Sikeli Nauga lives in Makadru Village on the island of Matuku in the Lau Group. He attends Delaiverata District School. He was born on the 26th of November, 2003. It takes approximately 10 to 12 hours for him to travel by boat to reach the Suva Harbour. This is the only means of transportation to his island. Makadru is a rural area very far from a town or city. In his village the Headman and village elders or the Bose Vakoro make important decisions regarding matters concerning the villagers and the village itself. For you to do Make use of the case study above as an example to state who you are and identify and describe your local government. 5 Town Councillors, Mayors, and Village Headmen In all the different types of communities we have, whether rural, sub-rural, sub-urban or urban community will need a type of governing body to lead, control, protect and look after the members of the community. In a rural village where Sikeli Nauga lives, the governing body is known as the Village Council or Bose Vakoro. It involves the village elders and the Turaga ni Koro or Village Headman. In an urban community like Toorak the Suva City Council is the Municipal law making body of the city of Suva. The head of this Municipal Council is called Special Administrator. For you to do Write down three works that are done by your local government to beautify your community. The Duties of the Village Headman or Turaga ni koro 1. He informs the villagers of the day’s programme. 2. He calls them out to do village work. 3. He liaises or meets with the government and informs them about any new development they wish to do. 4. He leads the Bose Vakoro or Village Meeting. 5. He makes sure that whatever is passed during the Bose Vakoro is carried out immediately. 6. He protects the law. He reports crimes committed in the village. 7. He works with the police in catching people who disobey the law. For you to do Fill in the Blanks Use the words from the word list to complete the story given below. Wordlist rural urban villagers cooperation development hardwork Members of any community or village must learn to live and work together. Their _____[a]__________ will ensure the quick completion of any activity under their responsibility. Whether it is upgrading work or __________[b]___________ project. Their dedication and __________[c]___________are very important. In such community work the ________[d]_______ have to give their full support to the village headman. Providing water, road and electricity to people who live in very remote_______[e]____ areas will be a blessing to the country as a whole. 6 The Roles of the Town and City Councils Town and city councils are service providers. The list below shows roles and areas that fall under town/ city councils. (a) Departments (e) Development (b) Rental (f) Community (c) Rates (g) Forms and Checklist (d) Green Collection (h) Emergency Evacuation Procedure  Your teacher will guide you further in explaining the above services provided by towns and city councils or you can conduct a research on one of the above. The town/city council plays a very important role in the development and beautification of the city. Towns and cities are made beautiful to attract the tourists and also for more people to visit the towns and cities, enjoy their visits. There are many ways in which the councils get financial support from. These can be by: (a) paying taxes (b) paying fees or fine (c) the grant given to them from the central government (d) paying rates Taxes This is the money that is received by the government from the citizens and business people; some of it is given to the local government for services to be provided. Fees or Fine People pay fees for the services provided by the town or city councils. For example, children and adults pay entry fee when they go swimming in the town or city pool. Another example is when the council organises a carnival or festival, and people pay fee for having stalls where they can sell food and many more. For those who are drivers, they also pay an amount of money if they want to park their cars in the parking lot in the town or city. People also pay fine. For example, late submission of library books in the town or city libraries. All these money will help to improve the towns and cities by the councils. Grant The town or city councils work hand in hand with the government or non - governmental organisations like the rural electrifications, environmental management, primary health, water and sanitation services and social protection to provide services to the local people. Rates Every property owner in town/city area pays an amount of money to the council each year, and this is called town or city rates. 7 Below are some examples of the services provided by the Suva City Council showing their development and beautification projects. Beautification Work Drainage system- Albert Park Ongoing construction work 8  Nasese Foreshore Beautification work The Heart of Suva City For you to do 1. Where do the town or city councils get its financial support from? 2. Why do we need to beautify our towns and cities? 3. Write down two services in your community that are provided by the town or city councils. 9 The iTaukei Affairs Board Mission (i) The Ministry of iTaukei Affairs is responsible for the Good governance and well- being of the iTaukei People. (ii) It provides the role in pursuit of the vision ‘An enlightened Vanua for a progressive Fiji. (iii) The development of relevant policies, programmes and legislations. (iv) Developing and arranging iTaukei businesses. Values (i) Uphold and promote the integrity of iTaukei customs and traditions. (ii) Transparent and accountable in the conduct of doing business. (iii) Free from all forms of discrimination. (iv) Promote and maintain the ministry as a learning institution. Roles of the iTaukei Affairs Board 1. Protects indigenous land rights. 2. Protects and promote iTaukei customs and traditions. 3. Provides advice in resolving conflicts regarding differences among village members. 4. Helps landowners develop their land through leases, investments and enjoying the proceeds. 5. Protection and Preservation of the iTaukei Culture and Language. 6. Keeping traditional skills alive. 7. Mapping village boundaries. 8. Promoting wellness across a life span. 9. Provides Solar Energy Training for village women. 10. Conserving trees for cash. 11. Encouraging iTaukei women to participate. 12. Helping iTaukei achieve their Goals. 13. Promoting skills in making traditional artifacts. 10  High demand for solar power exist in rural communities For you to do 1. Study the first three pictures on page 10 and explain what the women are doing in each picture. 2. Explain some benefits or good things the women can get from those activities. 3. Explain three ways in which you can save and look after your culture and traditions. 4. Study the picture above and explain what the picture is about. 5. Write down one good thing about the iTaukei Affairs. Conserving Marine Resources and Land Use skills Marine conservation, also known as marine resources conservation, is the protection and preservation of ecosystems in oceans and seas. Marine conservation focuses on limiting human-caused damage to marine ecosystems, and on restoring damaged marine ecosystems. Marine conservation also focuses on preserving vulnerable marine species. For You To Do 1. Explain three ways in which you can save and look after the marine resources. 2. Draw or sketch to show how you want your seashore to look like in five to ten years from now. 11 Municipal Administration For you to do Listed below are some of the jobs that people do in a municipal administration. Research and write down the responsibilities for each. a. Mayor b. Councillor c. Clerk d. Carpenter e. Landscaper f. Architect g. Gardener h. Waste Collector Rural Local Authority Nine Key Result Areas 1. Environmental Health Planning & Management 2. Pollution Control 3. Health Promotion 4. Water & Sanitation 5. Food Quality Control 6. Water- Borne Disease Surveillance & Control 7. International Quarantine & Port Health Service 8. Legal Enforcement 9. Central Board of Health & Local Authority Services Role To promote a healthy lifestyle in a quality environment and utilising an integrated approach through community participation. For you to do Match the words in List A with the correct definitions in List B. Write your answers in your exercise book. List A List B 1. Sanitation A. unlawful. 2. Pollution B. plenty of windows and doors. 3. Disease C. unfriendly to our lives. 4. Environment D. causes illness. 5. Illegal E. throwing rubbish carelessly. 6. Littering F. cleanliness. 7. Ventilation G. my community. 12. Sub Strand: Cultural Identity, Diversity and Cohesion Achievement Indicators  Identify and collect evidence on the improvement of various cultural groups living together.  Search and explain the characteristics of each cultural groups.  Describe the different sectors of work in their communities.  Describe developments from each sector that help Fiji grow. Multiculturalism Fiji is a multi-cultural country. Many different people from various countries have called Fiji their home. Today every citizen in Fiji is referred to as a Fijian. Each ethnic group lives and practices its culture and tradition in its everyday life. Below are some pictures of people of different ethnic background. iTaukei men performing a traditional yaqona ceremony Source: http://www.bluelagooncruises.com 13  An Iranian family lighting candle to celebrate Diwali. Chinese people performing lion dance A Muslim priest preparing food in a Mosque to celebrate Eid 14 All these different cultures co-exist in Fiji. Everyone has equal rights. Disrespecting another religion, culture and tradition is breaking the law. For you to do Match the terms in Column I with their definitions in Column II. Write your answers in your exercise book. Column I Column II 1. Culture A. feeling passionate, kind and care for something or someone. 2. Co-exist B. to willingly take, receive or agree to something. 4. Understand C. a way of life of a group of people. 4. Accept D. living peacefully and in harmony together in the same place. 5. Love E. to know the meaning of something. Living in Tolerance, Peace and Harmony Some of the ways people of diverse cultures and backgrounds can live together peacefully are:  to focus and work on the common values and teachings of different religions and cultures of the world instead of emphasizing on the differences.  to behave like friends to each other with pure heart, sympathy and good intentions.  to let decent behaviours, sincerity and kindness be our second nature in life.  to avoid abusing and insulting other peoples’ holy personages, cultures and races. Nations should avoid policies that are only beneficial to themselves. For example, immigration policies, that hinder the coming together of people of different beliefs.  to show respect, love, understanding and tolerance to all humans irrespective of race and religion. 15  Photos provided by the Ministry of Information For you to do (a). List down five moral values that will promote peace and unity in a multicultural society. (b). Write down five unwanted or irrelevant behaviors that would cause conflicts or disagreements in a multi- ethnic community. Explain why you say they are unwanted or irrelevant. Group Work. Create a role play to show how we can live in tolerance, peace and harmony. 16 Peace Building Peace Building is a way that is designed to prevent violence or war by making sustainable peace. The International Day of Peace, also known as the World Peace Day is celebrated on September 21st. This day is dedicated to peace or to the absence of war. World Peace Day celebration began in 1981, when the Peace Bell was rung at the UN Headquarters. The bell is made from coins donated by the children from all continents. For you to do Peace Tree 17  1. Copy the peace tree on a chart and write down some words on the leaves that you think are related with the word peace. Try to fill in as many words as possible. Discuss the words with your teacher and say why the words you have put are important to you, your family, school and community. This can also be done as a group work. Display your work on the wall. Peace Building Awareness in Fiji Picture 1 Picture 2 Picture 3 Picture 4 18  Choose and write down the correct answers. (i) Some of the values which I can learn by studying the pictures on page 18 are: (a) Togetherness/unfriendliness. (b) Hatred/love. (c) Sad/happiness. (d) cooperation/separation (ii) Say whether this paragraph is True or False. Moral values will bring goodness to our lives if we use them. It will bring us joy especially to those who practice it. For example, if we share our food with those who are hungry or helping an elderly person crossing the road will help build our nation to be a better place. Photo supplied by the Ministry of Information 1. The picture above shows peace building in the community. Name two other activities that show peace building in your community. 2. Have you started practicing peace building in your class or school, perhaps you can start doing that now if you have not done so. 19 Development of different Sectors in the Community 1. Tourism Sector The tourism industry is Fiji’s largest source of foreign exchange. It has grown quickly over the past few decades. Tourism contributes a lot of money and provides employment to a lot of people in Fiji. In 2019, the number of visitors that arrived in Fiji was 894,389 which increased from 870, 309 in 2018.Source markets for Fiji’s tourists are: Australia, New Zealand, United States of America, Canada, United Kingdom, and others. source: http//www.pinterest.com 20 For you to do: Fill in the blank spaces by choosing the most suitable words from the word list. Word list money tourism weather western (a) The business or industry that gives information, transport and other services to tourists is called ___________________. (b) Tourists bring with them a lot of _____________________ when they visit Fiji. (c) Which part of Fiji do they visit often and why? (d) Why is tourism important to Fiji? 2. Agriculture Sector Agriculture was regarded as the backbone of Fiji’s economy. It provides employment and contributes a lot of money to the economy of Fiji. Because of the rich resources and tropical climate, Fiji produces many types of tropical fruits and vegetables for local consumption and for export. Apart from the export of fruits and vegetables overseas, dairy farming products, animal feed and organic farm inputs are also exported overseas. 21  Source: http//www.fijitimes.com For you to do 1. Draw and name some crops that are exported overseas. 2. Draw and name some local crops that are sold in our markets.  Display your work on the wall after the presentations. 3. Group Work: Write a paragraph as to why agriculture is also important in Fiji. Read your paragraph to the class and discuss this with your teacher. Sugar Sector In 2006 the European Union gave millions of dollars to support the sugar sector in Fiji. From the millions of dollars given some were to be spent in sugar research in order to allow improvements in the sugar industry, for example improving the types of cane planted. The future of the sugar industry depends on the types of high yielding sugar cane. This will enable the sugar industry in Fiji to become more productive and improve the lives of the farmers. Another aim of the European Union is to have more cane fields replanted by 2016. 22  Source: http//www.emtv.com For you to do Write Tue or False for each of the sentences written below. 1. The largest mill is the Lautoka sugar mill. 2. Sugar is produced from sugar cane. 23 Garment Sector From 1997- 2001, garment replaced sugar as Fiji’s leading export sector. Before 2000, 105 garment factories employed 18000 to 20000 workers and were exporting garments to Australia, USA, Europe and New Zealand. Today not more than 12000 people, mostly women are employed. It was known as the largest employer of low income earners in the urban areas of Fiji. Some garment factories in Fiji that are growing well are the Mark one Apparel, Dominion Fashion Limited, Southtex Fiji Limited, Ranjit’s Garment, Lotus Garment and Danam Fiji Limited. Source: http//www.bluenotes.anz.com For you to do 1. Discuss each of the picture given above. 2. Are more men than women employed in the garment sector? 3. Why is the garment sector important? 24  STRAND 2: TIME, CONTINUITY AND CHANGE SOCIAL STUDIES YEAR 6 Sub Strand: Understanding the Past Achievement Indicators  Describe the Deed of Cession and give reasons as to why Fiji was ceded to Great Britain.  Emphasise the important events that took place during the Deed of cession.  Explain the importance of the Deed of Cession to Fiji’s history and to the present. History of Fiji-Pre-Contact to Contact Period Date Event 1500 BC Fiji was suggested to have been settled by Polynesians before Micronesians, but there is a lack of evidence 1800-1874 Date Event 1822 European settlement began at Levuka, Fiji’s first modern town 1830 The first Christian Missionaries, Hatai and Tahaara, arrived at Lakeba 1835 Methodist missionaries, William Cross and David Cargill, arrived in Lakeba 1840 First visit from an American exploring expedition commanded by Captain Charles Wilkes 1845 Conversion of Ratu Ravisa (Varani), chief of Viwa, influenced by the ministry of Rev. John Hunt 1847 Enele Maáfu of Tonga arrived in Fiji and established himself in Lakeba by 1848 1849 Trading store of United States Consul and settler Williams accidentally destroyed by stray cannon fire and subsequently looted by Fijian natives 1851 First threatening visit from the United States Navy, demanding US 5,000 for Williams losses 1853 Warlord Ratu Seru Epenisa Cakobau installed as Vunivalu (Paramount Chief) of Bau, and claimed the title of Tui Viti (King of Fiji) 1854 Cakobau converts to Christianity 1855 John Brown William’s home was destroyed by arson 1858 Cakobau offered to cede the islands to the United Kingdom for US40,000 1862 The United Kingdom refused to annex Fiji 1865 Confederacy of Fijian chiefs formed 1867 Cakobau crowned King of Bau by European settlers 1868 The Australian based Polynesia Company obtained land near Suva, and promised to pay Cakobau’s debts 1871 Forming Kingdom of Fiji as a constitutional monarchy, with Cakobau as King 1872 John Bates Thurston visited the United Kingdom on Cakobau’s behalf wishing to cede the islands 1874 10th October – Fiji becomes a British colony 25 1874 to 1970 Date Event 1875 An outbreak of measles leaves, a third of the Fijian population killed. 1876 Great Council of Chiefs started 1879 Arrival of the first indentured labourers from India 1881 First large sugar mill built at Nausori. Rotuma Island annexed to Fiji 1882 Capital moved from Levuka to Suva 1897 Arrival in Suva of Hannah Dudley, first European Christian missionary among the Indians 1904 Legislative Council set again as a partly elected body 1916 End of the importing of indentured labourers from India 1939 Nadi Airport built as an Allied air base 1940 Native Land Trust Board established where Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna became chairman 1953 Visit of Queen Elizabeth II 1954 Ratu Sukuna became first Speaker of Legislative Council 1967 Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara became First Chief Minister 1968 University of the South Pacific established 1970 Fiji attains independence, ending 96 years of British rule 1970 to Present Date Event 1972 First post-independence election won by Ratu Mara's Alliance Party. 1973 Sugar industry nationalised 1977 Constitutional crisis in which Governor-General Ratu Sir George Cakobau overturns election results, following the failure of the winning National Federation Party to put together a government. The election held to resolve the impasse results in a landslide for the Alliance Party. 1978 Fijian peace keeping troops sent to Lebanon. 1981 Fijian peace keeping troops sent to Sinai following Israel's withdrawal. 26 1987 General election won by the Labour-National Federation Party coalition. On 13 April, Timoci Bavadra becomes Prime Minister for a month. 14 May - Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka carries out a coup d'état. 25 September - Rabuka stages a second coup to consolidate the gains of the first. 7 October - Rabuka proclaims a republic, severing the 113-year link to the British Monarchy. Fiji expelled from the Commonwealth of Nations 5 December - Rabuka appoints Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau as Fiji's first President. 1990 New Constitution institutionalises ethnic Fijian domination of the political system. Group Against Racial Discrimination (GARD) formed to oppose the unilaterally imposed constitution and restore the 1970 constitution 1992 Rabuka becomes Prime Minister following elections held under the new constitution. 1994 Election results force Rabuka to open negotiations with the Indo-Fijian dominated opposition 1995 Rabuka establishes the Constitutional Review Commission 1997 Fiji is re-admitted to the Commonwealth of Nations. 1999 First general election held under the 1997 Constitution won by Fiji Labour Party (FLP). Mahendra Chaudhry becomes first Prime Minister of Indian descent. 2000 19 May - civilian coup d'état instigated by George Speight effectively topples the Chaudhry government 29 May – Commodore Josaia Voreqe Bainimarama assumes executive power after the resignation, possibly forced, President Mara. 2 November - Mutiny at Suva's Queen Elizabeth Barracks. 15 November - High Court orders the reinstatement of the constitution. 2001 1 March - Court of Appeals upholds High Court order reinstating constitution. September - General election held to restore democracy; and won by interim Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase's Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua (SDL). Dec - Fiji readmitted to the Commonwealth 2005 May - Amid much controversy, the Qarase government proposes Reconciliation 2006 May 6–13 - SDL narrowly beats the FLP in parliamentary elections; multi- party Cabinet formed afterwards. 5 December 2006 - Commodore Bainimarama executes a coup against the government of Laisenia Qarase and declares himself Acting President of Fiji 27  2007 January 4–5 - Bainimarama restores Iloilo to the Presidency; Iloilo endorses Bainimarama's coup and formally appoints him Prime Minister the next day. 2009 April - After the Court of Appeal rules that the 2006 coup was illegal, Ratu Josefa Iloilo suspends all judges and withdraws the constitution. Bainimarama was reappointed Prime Minister and his Cabinet reinstalled. 2013 A new constitution was written 2014 General election under the 2013 constitution and Voreqe Bainimarama was elected as Prime Minister BEFORE CHRISTIANITY Prior to the introduction of Christianity and other religions, Fijian religion could be classified in modern terms as forms of animism or shamanism, in Fiji a tradition on utilizing various systems of divination which strongly affected every aspect of life. Fiji today is generally considered a secular nation. There are various Christian denominations in Fiji, majority being Methodist. There are also a number of other religions present: Hindu, Islam and Sikhism. A Burekalou Before Christianity, there were wars and cannibalism in Fiji. They did not have any church but the priest (bête) usually performed their worship rituals to their ancestral god in the Burekalou as seen above. The priest played an important role because he was the only one who could foretell their future. Each person had a role to play depending on the clan they belonged to within their community. When the missionaries came to Fiji, they taught about Christianity to the chiefs. When the chiefs were converted, all the people followed bringing an end to cannibalism in Fiji. 28 The Deed of Cession The Deed of Cession took place in 1874. That was the year that Fiji became a British Colony. That was also a time when Cakobau and other chiefs gave up Fiji to be owned and controlled by Great Britain. Reasons That Led to the Deed of Cession Mr. John Brown Wiiliams who was an American had his store looted by some native Fijians. Mr Williams was an American Consul. And also the accidental fire which burnt his house had brought Cakobau trouble. Cakobau was demanded to pay for all these. And also because of the government’s overspending which led to a large amount he was not able to pay, he asked the British consul to offer Fiji to Great Britain. In 1872, John Bates Thurston approached the British government, with Cakobau’s request with another offer to cede Fiji. On 21st March 1874, Cakobau made a final offer, which the British accepted. The formal cession took place in Nasova, Levuka, Ovalau in 1874, when Cakobau, Ma’afu and a group of senior Chiefs signed the Deed of Cession signifying Fiji’s annexation to the British government. Fiji during the Deed of Cession The Deed of Cession is when Cakobau and other senior chiefs signed the two copies that had the information of Fiji being ceded to Great Britain. It was read and signed by Mr. Hercules Robinson, Cakobau and other chiefs. One copy remained in Fiji and the other one was sent to England. 29 For you to do 1. When was Fiji ceded to Great Britain? 2. Who ceded Fiji to Great Britain? 3. In two complete sentences, explain why Fiji was ceded to Great Britain 4. Why was the Deed of Cession important to Fiji’s history After The Deed of Cession After Cession, Sir Author Gordon became the first Governor General of Fiji. As we already learnt from the Year 5 Social Studies that he was the one who started the Indentured system in Fiji and that was way back in 1879. THE INDENTURED SYSTEM Pictures of indentured labourers in Fiji. In 1916, when the Indenture system ended, those that decided to stay back in Fiji bought some pieces of land and became hard working farmers, some became successful businessmen. Most of their children became well educated and became doctors, lawyers, teachers, and some entered into politics and became political leaders. They had enabled our country to develop in the past decades and some are still helping Fiji develop till today. 30  For you to do 1. What is the meaning of indentured system? 2. Why did the Indians come to Fiji? 3. Name the ship that brought the first group of Indians to Fiji? 4. Who was ruling Fiji during the indenture system period? 5. Describe some similarities and differences of Indians in the picture and the Indians of today. Leadership in Fiji before Independence  Look at the pictures below and explain the activities taking place. 31  Sub Strand: Continuity and Change Achievement Indicators  Discuss evidence on the significance of Fiji as becoming independent state.  Describe the impacts of independence on Fiji’s past and present development. Fiji Today The Great Council of Chiefs complex. The council was suspended in 2007 and formally disestablished in 2012. The building has being damaged in 2019 from fire. Year Event 1970  Constitutional Conference in London  Rt. Sir Kamisese Mara and Mr Siddiq Koya agreed on a compromise constitutional formula  Fiji gained independence 1972 Election won by Rt. Sir Kamisese Mara’s Alliance party 1977 Rt. Sir George Cakobau elected Governor General 1987  Fiji became a Republic State  Fiji was expelled from the Commonwealth of Nations  Rt. Sir Penaia Ganilau became Fiji’s first President 1992 Sitiveni Rabuka became Fiji’s Prime Minister following elections under the new constitution 2001 Fiji was readmitted to the Commonwealth 2007 Rt. Josefa Iloilo became Fiji’s President and Bainimarama became Fiji’s Prime Minister 2013 A new constitution was established 2014 General election under the new constitution in which one person one vote was used 32 For you to do (a) Collect pictures of some Fijian people who helped Fiji develop after independence and paste them on the classroom wall. Fiji’s Independence Fiji became independent after 96 years of British rule on 10th October, 1970. This means that Fiji is no longer controlled by the British government. Fiji would have to depend on its own for developments and growth to take place. Below is a sequence of pictures from the National Archives of Fiji showing the full ceremony of Fiji’s Independence. For you to do (a) Use the sequence of pictures and the explanation in each of the photos above to write a paragraph about Fiji’s Independence. Use no more than fifty words. 33 Government Administration Members of Parliament which include Cabinet Ministers and members of the Opposition make laws to run the country. The law is called the Constitution. Everyone has to live according to the constitution. It is very important that everyone knows and understands the constitution. People who don’t respect and obey the law are arrested and charged by the police. The photos below show Parliament with members in a Parliamentary session. The Importance of a Constitution A Constitution is a set of laws which governs a country. It is the Supreme Law of the Land. The principle of the rule of law applies equally to everyone and that no one is above the law. Members of Parliament must take an oath pledging to uphold the constitution -that is to respect the rule of law. It is fair and made to protect its citizens. The people are the sovereigns of the government. All the people must always obey and respect the constitution. For you to do 1. Debate on the characteristics of being a leader. Cabinet Ministers After a General Election, a new government is usually formed. This government will select few of its members of parliament as its cabinet ministers. These ministers will look after each government ministry. The cabinet is always led by the Prime Minister. For you to do (a) Conduct a research on the current cabinet ministers. Write down their names and their portfolios. 34  SOCIAL STS YEAR 6 STRAND 3: PLACE AND ENVIRONMENT STRAND 3: PLACE AND ENVIRONMENT Sub Strand: Features of Places Achievement Indicators  Draw a simple sketch map  Identify locations using mapping conventions.  Describe the location of the island groups in Fiji  Know the five essentials of a map.  Read the map using simple keys.  Draw and label a map using keys.  Locate and name towns, cities, islands, settlements.  Identify physical features on the map. What is a map? A map is a sketch drawing of a place as seen from above. There are different types of maps that we use. Mental maps are maps that we make up in our minds. Sketch maps are drawn to help someone locate a place like a school, village or a home. Some maps are well detailed which clearly show the features of an area or a place. Drawing and Reading Maps Maps have special features that help us to create and read a map. These special features are called conventions. Every map has five main conventions which make it easier for us to read and understand what is drawn. These include: i) Title It gives us a clue about the map. Example: Map of Solove Area ii) Direction The direction on a map is usually shown using an arrow head pointing north. If there is no direction given, the north point is always at the top of the map. A compass is the instrument that gives us the direction of where we want to go. iii) Scale and distance It shows how the distances on the map relate to the distance in real world. The purpose of a map scale is to show the relationship between distances on a map and real distances on the ground. There are three ways to represent a scale. A word statement uses words to describe the scale. For example "One centimetre on the map represents one kilometre on the actual ground" 35 A representative fraction/ratio scale uses numbers and the units are the same. For example: 1:1 or 1/1 meaning one centimetre on the map represents one centimetre on the actual ground. Line or Linear Scale is shown using a number line which says how much one centimetre on the map represents distance on the ground. The scale shows one centimetre on the map represents one kilometre on the actual ground. iv) Key/Legend It explains the different symbols used to draw the map. Another term for the map key is the legend. Symbols and colours are used to show different features v) Symbols Maps give information by using symbols. Symbols can be pictures figures, shapes, lines, and colors that show where places and things are on a map. A map legend tells you what the symbols mean. They are usually small with a short description of one or two words saying what the symbol means. Some commonly used symbols are shown below. 36 vi) Contour Lines These are lines drawn on the map to show heights above sea level. Each contour line gives a different height in metres. Study the map below. Title North Point Scale and distance Contour lines Key Symbols Exercise 1 Map Reading 1. Name some people who use maps. 2. Why are maps useful to us? 3. Use the Map of Fragrance Primary School on the following page to answer the questions that follow. 37  SOCIALSTUDIES YEAR Location of Fragrance Primary School i. What kind of transportation do the people use? ii. What is the height of the highest mountain? iii. Explain two reasons for the location of the school. iv. In what direction is the school from Lei town? v. How do the people of this area earn their living? vi. Measure the distance from Naivikeimasi to Nasevou village by road. 38 Exercise 2 Drawing a Map 1. Make a map to show something. Start by making a map of your school. Mark with little arrows the route from the school gate to your classroom. 2. Include the following features: (a) The title (b) Show on the map the main entrance or gate. (c) Show any other important landmarks in the school such as classroom, office, playground, school hall, and toilets. (d) A key (e) Symbols 3. Draw a map of your journey to school or any other journey of your choice. Mark your departure point and your final destination. Exercise 3 Learning about direction a) Identify the missing features of this map. b) Label N, S, E, and W on the compass. c) Colour the land green and the water blue. Write north, south east or west to complete each sentence. d) The rowboats are ___________________ of the campfire. e) The camping trailers are ____________________ of the tents. f) The cabins are ____________________ of the tents. g) The campfire is ___________________ of the camping trailers. h) The island is_______________________ of the cabins 39 AL STUDIES Our Environment Our surrounding is known as the environment. The environment can be divided into two large groups. These are the natural and human environment. The Natural Environment The natural environment has physical features which includes the climate, the landforms, and vegetation. The natural environment has changed a lot as a result of human activity. i) ii) iii) The Human Environment The human environment is part of the natural environment which people have changed for different uses. It has special features known as the cultural features. i) ii) iii) For you to do 1. Identify the different physical and cultural features shown in the pictures above. Physical Features Cultural Features i) ii) iii) 40  2. In groups, identify other special features to complete the web below. Present your findings to the class. Cultural Physical 3. What do you think about the changes happening to the environment? Is it good or bad for your family? Give your reasons. 4. Were these changes good or bad for the environment? Give reasons for your answer. Physical Features on a Map Map makers draw different features on the map to make it easy to understand the physical features of the area shown. Some features show real sketches of matters in the area while others use symbols. The map of Uciwai Area below shows its physical and cultural features. Uciwai Area 41 For you to do 1. Using the map on page 41, identify all the physical and cultural features of Uciwai Farm. 2. The table below shows the well-known features of Fiji. Put a tick (√) to show the group it belongs to. Features Physical Cultural Monasavu Dam Nabouwalu Jetty Mt Washington(Kadavu) Ovalau Island Tagimouci flower in Taveuni Nadi Airport Queens Road Kacau (Gau) Joskers’s thumb( Lami) Sugar Plantation Pine and mahogany Virgin oil (Rabi) Rewa Bridge Sigatoka River 3. State some physical and cultural features of your school or community. 4. In groups, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cultural features. 42 The Map of Fiji Islands Achievement Indicator  Describe the location of the island groups in Fiji. There are two main islands namely Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. Fiji is divided into four main divisions namely the Central, Western, Northern and Eastern Divisions. The small islands are divided into groups. Some of these island groups are the Lomaiviti and Lau Group which are located in the Eastern division, while the Mamanuca and Yasawa group are located in the western division. For you to do. 1. Using the map of Fiji above, i) locate your place of birth if you were born in Fiji. ii) your place of residence. 2. Which group has the largest number of islands? 3. What type of transport do the people of these islands use to reach the two main islands? 4. Which division do the following places belong? i) Kabara ii) Koro iii) Nacula iv) Nabouwalu 43  Towns and Cities in Fiji Achievement Indicator  Locate and name towns, cities, islands, settlement. Suva and Lautoka are the two cities in Fiji. Suva is the capital city of Fiji located in the central division while Lautoka is known as the Sugar City located in the western division. Both these cities are on the island of Viti Levu. In Viti Levu, Sigatoka, Nadi, Ba, Tavua and Rakiraki are towns in the western division. Nausori, Nasinu and Lami are towns located in the central division. Levuka is the old capital of Fiji which is located on the island of Ovalau in the eastern division. Labasa and Savusavu are the two towns in Vanua Levu which are in the northern division. For you to do On a map of Fiji, locate the main cities and towns. Special Places in Fiji There are some special places in Fiji which the indigenous people always value. Today, these special places are attracting a lot of tourists and have earned money for the indigenous people. Some of these places include the fire walking of Beqa, the red prawns of Vatulele, the hot springs of Savusavu and the turtle calling of Koro. 44 For you to do Group Research: In your group, identify some places in Fiji and the places in which they are found and complete the table. Places Special features e.g Beqa Fire walking Vatulele Red prawns Savusavu Hot springs Rivers and Roads There are major rivers and roads around Fiji. These rivers provide us with food and transportation. The Rewa River is the widest river and the Sigatoka River is the longest river. There are two main roads in Viti Levu known as Kings Road and the Queen’s Road. For you to do Using the map below, locate the major rivers and roads in Fiji. 45 Where is Fiji located in the world? The map shows Fiji’s location in relation to other parts of the world. The world is a sphere or globe. Fiji is part of the global village and many people travel to other countries for employment and education and some even migrate. Tourists from other countries visit Fiji and spend their money here. This money helps the government to provide us with free education and bus fare. Lines running east-west across the map are called parallel of latitudes. They are measured in degrees north and south of the Equator which is 0 degree latitude. Lines running north-south down the map are called meridians of longitude. 46 For you to do Research: 1. In pairs, find out the different latitudes. 2. What is the: i) International Dateline ii) The Prime Meridian 3. Using a world map or an atlas, find out the capital cities for each Pacific island country. Draw a table below and fill it up. Your teacher will assist you with this. Country Capital City 47  Sub Strand: People and Care of Places Achievement Indicators  Examine ways of conserving resources.  Illustrate through a poster drawing some good environmental practices.  Explain how students can improve in taking care of the school environment.  Participate in activities that can enhance these conservation skills. Resources Resources are things that people can get from their environment in order to survive. Resources from land will be the forests, birds, animals and many more. These resources are very important but people are misusing these resources. For example many of us see the forests as just a place where we can get our firewood from without realising that it is a place where we can get medicine, food, water, and many more. Conserving these resources for the coming generations is important. We must be sensible in using the resources that are readily available for us. Before we use a resource from the environment, we must think carefully. For you to do: Group Work 1. Draw posters of some good environmental practices on either the sea and/or water or land resources. Present your group’s posters to the class and say why the practices are good. 2. Make a list of the resources in your school and in your school environment. 3. Identify 3 resources that you think are important and state ways to conserve these resources. Variations in Weather Patterns Achievement Indicators  Study variations in weather patterns and its influence on the environment.  Describe the impacts of climatic variations on humans.  List possible ways of minimising its impacts on human and environment. The Climate of Fiji Fiji has two main climates: (i) Hot and Wet Season (iii) Cool and Dry Season Hot, Wet season is from November to April, while Cool, Dry season is from May to October. Fiji’s climate is affected by the Trade Winds, which blows from the South East called the South East Trade Winds. The Trade Winds The South East Trade Winds bring moisture causing rain especially on the South East side of Viti Levu and Vanua Levu.The western side of Viti Levu is sheltered by the mountains therefore this side has dry season which is suitable for growing sugarcane. 48 Planting and Harvesting of Crops The planting, cultivating and harvesting of many crops, vegetables and fruits are related to the seasons. The table below shows the different crops available in the two seasons and also both the seasons. Hot Wet Season Cool Dry Season Both Seasons mangoes kumala taro pineapples Yams cassava breadfruit tomatoes banana chilies lettuce coconut avocado Chinese cabbage chestnut For you to do Complete the sentences by filling in suitable words 1. A drought is ______________________________________________________ 2. During a drought _________________________________________________. 3. What problems do people face in: a] the warm, wet season _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ b] the cooler, drier season _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 49  SOCIAL STUDIES Climatic Variations The term climatic comes from the word climate and climate means the kind of weather a particular place has. Variations are the changes so climatic variations mean the changes in weather pattern of a particular place over a long period of time. The climatic variations that we experience today have changed a lot from what our older generations experienced. The weather keeps on changing which could result in droughts, flooding and cyclones. These weather events can result in disasters and these disasters will affect our environment and our livelihood. For example, too much rainfall can cause flooding which result in landslides and this can damage our crops. Not enough rain can lead to drought which can affect the growth of our crops and water supply for animals and plants and the people as well, like burning of rubbish and smoke from factories and vehicles, and also the cutting down of trees are not environmentally friendly. Some human activities are not environmental friendly which are causing these climatic variations and it affects our resources and the way we survive. Influence of Climatic Variations on the Environment Landslides Flooding Rise in Sea Level Species become endangered 50 For you to do Study the pictures on Page 50 to answer the following questions: 1. Write down some effects or the results of climate change on the environment. 2. What can we do to minimize or lessen the problems seen above? Present or explain your findings to the class. How Does Climatic Variations Affect Us? The changes in climate also affect us and the environment. When the environment is affected, our livelihood would also be affected because we get our resources from the environment especially our food. It is our responsibility to reduce the effects of climate change on our environment, so that our future generations would be able to have enough resources for their livelihood. Today, a lot of new diseases are also affecting people which could be a result of climate change in the environment we live in. The atmospheric temperature increases everyday as the result of heat of the sun, and people are suffering from diseases such as skin rash. There are more droughts and it lessens the food production from the gardens and farms resulting in hunger. Sources of water are drying up and people are dying from thirst as there is no water to drink. Scarcity of Food Contamination of water For you to do 1. In your pairs, discuss the pictures shown above. How has climate change affected the life of humans? 2. Collect some pictures on the effects of climate change on humans and discuss your findings to the class. 51 How Climatic Variations Affect Gardening and Livestock Changes in weather pattern can cause an increase in droughts and floods which are dangerous to livestock and crops. These hazards cannot be controlled but we must try to avoid them by following good conservation practices of our environment. Productivity decreases because of heat stress, the conditions of drought, water-logging, increase in flooding which causes soil erosion and loss of nutrients from heavy rain makes the soil less productive or fertile. High temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns and wind direction can lead to pests and diseases. Sea level rise combined with drought results in salt water intrusion. Ways You Can Minimise or Reduce Climatic Variations Conservation Skills Protect your Rainfore Agroforestry Afforestation Afforestation Agroforestry Avoid Contamination of Sea Protect Coral Reefs 52  Reduce air pollution For you to do a] Find out the meanings of the following words : landslides, extinct, Rainforest, and agroforestry. b] Why do we need to conserve our rainforest? c] Tropical rainforests are found in all continents that lie near the Equator. Identify and locate areas that have rainforests on a world map. d] How do coral reefs help in conserving our environment from change in weather patterns? e] What would you do to help reduce the effects of climate change? 53  STRAND 4: RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Sub Strand: Use and Management of Resources Achievement Indicators  List available sea and fresh water resources.  Explain how the community benefits from these resources. Sea and Fresh Water Resources The Earth is mostly covered with water and most people depend on sea and water resources for their livelihood. Some of the resources that are available are used as food while the others could be sources of income for the people. We have mis-used most of these resources and they are now becoming endangered while others are on the verge of extinction. Sea Resources The sea is abundant with resources that people living near it use them in their daily living. Majority of Fiji islands are surrounded by sea and the people are dependent on it to provide them with most of their everyday needs such as sea food like fish, crabs, shells and sea weed which are sources of protein to the body. People on this island depend on the sea for their livelihood. The sea has abundant resources that we depend on. 54 For you to do 1. Using the table below, write down the sea resources that you know and their uses. Sea resources Uses (a) (b) (c) (d) 2. In groups, discuss some activities that are destroying our sea resources. What should be done to conserve these resources? Present your findings to the class. 3. Research Work Find out some endangered and extinct resources of the sea. Fresh Water Resources People who live far away from the coastal areas depend on the fresh water resources as sources of food and water for their daily living. There are rivers and streams which have resources that they can be used to satisfy their everyday needs and wants. Although there are not as many resources compared to the sea, they always rely on the few resources available for their daily needs. A river in Fiji which provides resources to people living near it. 55 For you to do 1. List the fresh water resources under each heading in the table given below. Resource Food Non – food 2. Discuss some uses of non-food resources listed above. Recreational Activities Most people use the sea water as their means of transport. They move from one place to another using boats, canoes and even rafts. Sea and water has also provided us with lots of water sport activities such as surfing, scuba-diving, kayaking and even fishing as part of their leisure activities. Tourists come to Fiji every year to experience some of these activities while spending their holidays in hotels near to the coastal areas. People earn money while working in the tourism industry. For you to do 1. Identify and label each of the following activities. 2. What are some benefits of these activities to us? 56 Our Resources: Are we overusing or sustaining our resources? Achievement Indicators  Discuss the effects of overusing resources.  Describe the value of sustaining resources. (a) Overuse means overdo, misuse or taking more than enough. (b) Sustain means taking care of so mething so that it lives long and does not die early. Overusing our Resources People in the past had a close relationship between land, sea and water. They depended on its resources for their living. They had certain rules in place to protect the misuse of their resources. Our ancestors had put in place taboos on how these resources should be used. Most of the resources had their own harvesting seasons and when the seasons were over, people were not allowed to harvest them. But today people are misusing our resources. They have gathered more than enough fish from the sea, they have cut more than enough mangroves for houses, roads, and farms. And because of the world’s population that is increasing, the demand for resources also increases. When our resources are overused, it would be difficult to look for them. Its population will decrease and people will have to travel very far from their island or community looking for resources that they need for their living. Fishing more than enough Cutting more than enough Sustaining our Resources The way we use our resources is very important. First of all we need to respect the ways we get resources from the environment and we also need to use these resources wisely so that they can stay for long and for our future generations to use. For example, before you cut down mangrove trees think of the consequences. So every individual has the responsibility to take care of our resources so that there is no shortage of it in the future. Taking care of our resources is called conservation. 57 For you to do 1. Discuss and write down some sea and water resources and how the resources are overused or mismanaged. Copy and complete the table in your exercise book. Resources Misused/Mismanaged (i) Fish Using dynamite to kill fish 2. Complete the diagram below on how to conserve our sea and water resources. Present your answer to the class Conservation of sea and water resources 58 Other Ways our Resources are Affected Pollution Our rivers and seas are always polluted as a result of human activities. When we pollute the sea and rivers, resources in it are affected and some are even destroyed and become scarce. There is a need to think of ways to protect our resources for future sustainability. The diagram below shows some activities that causes the pollution of our sea and fresh water resources. http://www.bing.com/images/search For you to do 1. Study the diagram and list down some activities taking place that will affect sea and fresh water resources. 2. For each activity above, discuss how it affects the resources in the sea and fresh water. 3. How does each activity affect our lives? Research Work 4. Find out the name of an organisation which looks after the conservation of our sea and fresh water resources. What laws does it put in place to enforce the conservation of these resources? 5. Collect pictures of pollution of sea and fresh water resources and paste them on a chart for display. 59  Sub Strand: People and Work Achievement Indicator  Explain the way people behave in work places and how they value their work. Working for a Living John’s Story While growing up in my village, I had always wanted to become a teacher. My grandmother always encouraged me to use my time wisely, being honest and obedient and show love to all people. There should always be a time to study in the evening and early in the morning. I had to sacrifice a lot so that I could fulfill my dream by becoming a teacher and to earn money. My grandmother always reminded me that everything was possible and I should always believe in myself in whatever I do. My dream was fulfilled and today I am enjoying my work as a teacher, getting paid and earning money to satisfy the needs and wants of my family. For you to do 1. Why did John study hard at school? 2. How did he fulfill his dream? 3. What type of work is John doing? 4. Discuss how John feels at the moment. Give a reason for your answer. 5. What are some values that John practiced while at school? 6. What do you like to become when you grow up? Why? Paid and Unpaid Work Every day we are involved in different types of work. Some work as teacher’s nurses, lawyers, and pilots. Some work around their homes and in their communities. All these work are classified as paid and unpaid work. 60 Paid Work Paid work is the service people given by someone else so that they may earn wages or salaries. Paid work is classified in many ways. The best way to classify the work we do is by occupation e.g. lawyers, doctors, teachers. The different types of paid work are known as: i) Permanent ii) Temporary iii) Casual Unpaid Work All of us are involved in unpaid work in our everyday life. Collecting firewood, washing the dishes after meals, and even sweeping the floor at home are all unpaid work. All these tasks are done without being paid for but we have to do them as they are part of our roles in our families. For you to do 1. Conduct a small research on the difference between permanent, temporary and casual work and give some examples. 2. Identify 5 paid work that people in your family or community do. 3. Find out the kind of work that people do in your community but are not paid. 4. Write down the benefits of getting a paid and unpaid work. Use the web below to illustrate your answers. Benefits Benefitsof ofPaid Paid Work Work Benefits of Unpaid Work 5. If you are given a paid work, what are some of the important behaviours that you should practice? Why these behaviours are important in your work? 61 Getting a Paid Work We need to know the career pathway to follow so that our goal towards the occupation that we want is achieved. It should start from primary school through the subjects that we learn going through to secondary school. While in tertiary school, there are specialised subjects that we must learn through skills training that will prepare us for the job that we want. For example, if you want to become a doctor, you need to learn science subjects like chemistry, and biology in school. After leaving school, you need to continue your education at the University and after completing six years of training; you will graduate and become a doctor working in hospitals. For you to do Using the table below:  Choose any occupation  The subjects you need to learn at school  The tertiary institution that will train you  The length of training needed before graduating. Occupation School Tertiary Length of subjects institution training English, Maths, e.g. Doctor Chemistry, Fiji National University 6 years Biology Employers and Employees Achievement Indicator  Differentiate between an employer and an employee. In any work place, there are two parties involved known as the employer and the employee. They have to work together so that the consumers are provided with services they need. An employer is a person or organization that provides work. Employees are people doing the work for the employer. An employer provides employees with employment. For example: The Ministry of Education provides employment for teachers. So Ministry of Education is the employer while the teachers are the employees. 62  Employer Employees Employer provides Employment to Employee For you to do 1. Complete the table by identifying the employer and employee. Employer Employee a. Janet works for Rattans Supermarket b. Jovesa uses Aruns wheelbarrow to cart goods in the market on Saturdays c. The nurse in the hospital d. A taxi driver for Matua taxis e. Timothy, a farmer in Rotuma f. A guard force security g. Woman who packs dalo for Bens Trading 2. Choose five occupations from your family or community and find out the names of their employers and the type of work they do. 3. Research Work o How should employers treat employees? o What work ethics should employees have at workplace? o Discuss your finding in class with your teacher. 63 Work Place Relationship Achievement Indicator  Demonstrate good work ethics and relationships. In every work place, the employees should be happy with the work they do and the employer should see that they are treated with respect. The employee should be truthful, honest and should perform their role as expected by their employer. Before an employee starts work with an employer, he should know the conditions of his employment before accepting to be employed by signing the contract. There are laws set relating to the rights and responsibilities of the workers. This is called labour laws. This will protect both the parties from disputes and which could end up in a court of law if not resolved. The relationship between the employer and the employee should be respected at all times. The smiling faces of the employer and the employee in the picture above shows the good work ethics that they have. This will help the business or organisation to grow and make more profit. When there is profit, the employee will have an increase in wages from the employer as a way of thanking them for the work they have done. For you to do Group Research 1. Find out some workers’ rights in Fiji and around the world. 2. What are labour laws? 3. Which government department looks after the rights of the employees in Fiji? 64  Income, Expenses and Savings Achievement Indicator  Identify and evaluate different options for depositing savings. When we get employed, we will receive money for the work we do. The money received is called income. That money will be spent on family needs and wants like buying groceries and paying bills. The money spent from the income earned is called expenses. Before we spend our income we should prepare a budget. A budget is a plan on how to spend our income. If we prepare a good budget, some money would be left. This money is called our savings and it is usually deposited in a savings account in the bank. We need to have savings for future family plans or it can be used during emergencies. Rura’s Family Income and Expenses FAMILY FORTNIGHTLY INCOME Father’s Salary $400.00 Mother’s Salary $300.00 Total $700.00 FAMILY EXPENSES  Food $150.00  Electricity $ 30.00  Telephone $ 30.00  Bus fare $ 75.00  Courts Account $ 40.00  Leisure $ 40.00  Family Obligation $ 50.00  Medical $ 50.00  Clothing $ 50.00 $515.00  Savings $185.00 TOTAL $700.00 65 For you to do 1. Explain the following terms: income, expenses, savings, deposit, fortnightly, and budget. 2. In pairs prepare a budget for a family of 4 with the total income of $300.00 fortnightly. Present and discuss your budget to the class. 3. Prepare your family budget with the help of your parents. Compare your budget with your friend. Are they the same or different? Why are they are they the same or different. 4. How do your parents keep their savings? 5. Find out the different ways of keeping savings that we could use. Your teacher may assist you with this. What is an Income Tax? Achievement Indicator  Explain what taxes are charged on income and give examples on how government uses these taxes. Every employee earns a salary from his employer. Some get paid weekly, fortnightly and even monthly. Before the employers pay the employees, they have to deduct their FNPF and income tax. The Fiji National Provident Fund deduction is a kind of savings for the workers to receive when they retire. Income tax is the amount of money deducted from an employee’s salary and paid to the government. This money is used by the government for paying for your school fees, free textbooks, paying for bus fare and food vouchers. There are other different taxes paid to the government like wheel tax, Value Added Tax and business tax. For you to do 1. Who pays income taxes? 2. Why do we pay for income taxes? 3. List ways in which income tax is utilised. 4. Find out the other different taxes paid to the government. Use the table below to fill your answer. Type of tax Who pays the taxes? e.g. Income tax Workers, employees 66 Extension Activity 1. If your parents or any member of your family is working, find out the amount of income tax he/she is paying to the government. 2. What other tax does your family pay? Needs and Wants Achievement Indicator  Give examples of how to prioritize needs and wants. Every person has needs and wants. We have different ideas about what their needs and wants are but we have to know that wants and needs are not the same. Needs are things that a person needs to have to survive. This includes food, water and shelter. Wants are things that we like to have but are not necessary. They can bring enjoyment to us but we can we can still live without them. We have them for enjoyment but without it we will still survive. Things like new pair of shoes, a new TV set and a watch are some of our wants. For you to do 1. List down some of your needs and wants. For each of the need and want state why you think it is a need or want. 2. Put a tick to show whether each item is a need or a want. Tick: (N for needs and W for wants) N W Tom needs an exercise book To have a mobile phone A family has a well-balanced diet To have a mathematical set Go fishing every Thursday afternoon Mother buys a washing machine Learn to respect other religious belief Buying medicine for disease Have a coat and umbrella to school during wet day Fresh air at night Free from violence To have a bicycle To have many friends 3. Illustrate on a poster some of your needs and wants. Display your work to the class. 67 Prioritising Our Needs and Wants Mr Manueli’s Situation Mr Manueli is the sole bread winner for his family and earns $200 every week. His wife Janet wants a new washing machine because it is on sale at Courts Fiji Limited to help her in her washing especially during rainy weather. Veremo his eldest son wants a new pair rugby boots for his training as he will be representing his school in the rugby competition. Agnes his daughter wants a new uniform as the one she is wearing is too short. Jane her youngest daughter wants to invite her friends for her 5th birthday celebration. Manueli has to pay for the bills this week as it is the end of the month. His father has asked him to send him some money for his medication. How can he provide for all these needs? For you to do 1. Put all the needs and wants listed above in the order in which they have to be met. 2. Whose need should be met first? Explain your reason. 3. What has influenced Janet in wanting a new washing machine? 4. Whose wants or need should be met the last? Explain your reason. 5. If you were Mr Manueli, explain what you would do in this situation. 6. Have you come across this kind of situation at home? How did your parents solve the problems to make everybody happy? Our Social Groups Achievement Indicator  Give examples of the differences between various social groups [cultural, gender, socio-economic] in saving and spending. Humans need to live with others to make life more fun and enjoyable through social interaction. Socialising through group activities provides opportunities for our needs to be met. Understanding the types of social groups available to fit our social needs may give us a better understanding and will help us prioritise our needs and wants. 68 Different Types of Social Groups Home is often the first place where a person receives social attention. In homes we learn the first rules of interaction with each other. Our family is our first social group and all of us belong to this social group. Peer groups are made up of people who are usually the same age as you. This group is often of the same social status and shares your interests. This type of social group is important throughout a person’s life. However, this group has more influence during childhood and adolescence. Peer groups are often the place where individuals acquire and develop social and leadership skills. Peer groups change with time. It is common for people to come into and grow in a peer group. Teams are a place to form connections and friendships. Teams also provide opportunities for people to learn leadership skills and how to work together. Adults and children benefit from this type of social group. Clubs create a social environment by bringing together people who have similar interests. These clubs will allow you to interact with people who have the same interests as you. Other groups that we can be a member of are our cultural group and even gender. All social groups should learn to spend money wisely and save their resources for future needs. For you to do 1. Write down all the social groups that you belong to. 2. Discuss the differences between the social groups given above. 3. Compare your social groups with your friend. What are some similarities and differences between your groups? 4. Write down some advantages and disadvantages of social groups. Present you answer to the class. 5. Two important resources that we need to save and spend wisely are time and money. In your groups discuss why we need to save these two important resources. 69  Reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine-conservation accessed 20th, August, 2015 http:// www.google.com/url? fijis+map Accessed 15th, August, 2015 http:// www.google.com/url? air+pollution. Accessed 15th, August, 2015 http://www.goipeace.or:jp/english/activities/program/programs.html. Accessed 10th, August, 2015 http://www.bluelagooncruises.com/destination-fiji-islands/fijis-people-and-history/ Accessed 10th. August, 2015 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine-conservation. Accessed 10th, August, 2015. 70  Glossary Abundant available in large quantities. Administration the process or activity of running a business or organization. Agroforestry agriculture incorporating the cultivation and conservation of trees. Animism belief that all things have a spirit or soul, including animals, plants, rivers, mountains, stars and the moon. Architect a person who designs buildings. Authorities a person or organization having power or control in a particular organization. Atmospheric Pressure pressure caused by the weight of the atmosphere. Compensation something that is given to make up for something else. Constitution supreme law of a country. Conservation the careful use of natural resources (such as trees, oil, etc.) to prevent them from being lost. Convention a way in which something is usually done, especially within a particular area or activity. Cultural Environment man-made environment including buildings, roads, dams and bridges. Development the process of growth. Discrimination treating someone as inferior based on their race, sex, national origin, age or other characteristics. Divination the practice of seeking knowledge of the future or the unknown by supernatural means Economy Wealth or money, saving, and budget Eco-tourism the practice of traveling to beautiful natural places for pleasure in a way that does not damage the environment. Emergency a serious, unexpected, and often dangerous situation requiring immediate action. Employee a person working for another person or a business firm for pay. Employer a person or business that employs one or more people. Environmental relating to the natural world. Endangered species a species of animal or plant that is seriously at risk of extinction. Extinct species no longer in existence; that has ended or died out. 71 Internal migration the movement of people from one place to another. livestock refers to cows, pigs, sheep, goats, and chickens. Mayor the elected head of a city, town, or other municipality. Mosaic an individual (especially an animal) composed of cells of two genetically different types. Municipal relating to a town or city or its local government. Occupation a job or profession. Physical Environment comprises all the different factors of nature, including trees, lakes, the ocean, soil and climate. Policy rules, and guidelines formulated by an organization to reach its long-term goals. Political Comes from the word politic, which is a way a country is governed and ways that government makes laws. Productivity the state or quality of producing something, especially crops. Resources source or supply from which benefit is produced. Scarcity the state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage. Secular belief system that rejects religion, or the belief that religion should not be part of the affairs of the state. Sector an area or part. Shamanism a religion practiced by indigenous people of far northern Europe and Siberia that is characterised by the belief in an unseen world of gods, demons, and ancestral spirits. Sketch map a rough or brief outline of something Socio-economic relating to, or involving a combination of social and economic factors. Sustainable Development development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Tradition the passing down of elements of a culture from generation to generation. Utilise make effective use of. Variation how much something differs from another. 72 73