Medical Terminology MT 101 F.Y. 2022-2023 Medical Colleges of Northern Philippines PDF

**Code: MT 101** First Semester-Prelims **F.Y. 2022-2023** **Glaiza P. Salvador, RN, MSN** **Clinical Instructor** **This is your references**  **Other References:** **Journals:** **Website References** www.e-rehab.com www.finditonline.ws www.aquaticnet.com www.yahoo...

**Code: MT 101** First Semester-Prelims **F.Y. 2022-2023** **Glaiza P. Salvador, RN, MSN** **Clinical Instructor** **This is your references**  **Other References:** **Journals:** **Website References** www.e-rehab.com www.finditonline.ws www.aquaticnet.com www.yahoo.com www.google.com **Table of contents** **I. Preliminaries** **Chapter 1: Introduction to Medical Terminology** **Chapter 2: Body Structures** **Chapter 3: Integumentary System** **Medical Glossary** present terms related to the basic structure and function of the human body. This subject enhances and reinforces an understanding of the different terms used in the clinical and classroom setting. Additionally, it includes an introduction to the basic nomenclature and general organization of the human body as detailed study of the different systems, its components structures, and functions. **Course Outcomes:** **Chapter 1** **Introduction to medical terminology** **Intended Learning Outcomes:** **Key Terms:** **Roots** **Suffixes** **Prefixes** **Elements** **Compound Words** ***Let's Begin!*** **Medical terminologies** - - - - - **A. Basic concepts** - - - - - - - Like BeeEvery industry has its fair share of jargon. While most of us don't need to understand discipline-specific terminology outside of our own profession, medical vocabulary is a notable exception. Understanding and knowing the medical terminologies is one of the basic foundations of any health care profession. At the same time medical terminology helps us understand what is going on with our health. **B. Key Concepts** - - - - - - - - - - - - \*Caution and flexibility are required in breaking down terms Like Panda\*In the strict sense, the term "anemia" may seem to mean no blood (absence or total lack of blood) rather than the attenuated quality of blood. When breaking down terms, it is more helpful to start the process by: - - +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Root words** | **Meaning** | **Example** | **Meaning** | | | | | | | **Component** | | | | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | Blast | Germ/ immature | Blastoma | Cancer made of | | | cell | | immature cell | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Carcin | Cancer | Carcinogenic | Cancer causing | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Cardio | Heart | Cardiotoxicity | Toxicity to the | | | | | heart | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Cyto | Cell | Cytotoxic | Toxic to the | | | | | cell | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Derma | Skin | Dermatitis | Inflammation of | | | | | the skin | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Histio | Tissue | Histology | Study of tissue | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Hepati | Liver | Hepatoblastoma | Liver cancer | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Malign | Bad/harmful | Malignant | Growing or | | | | | spreading | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Nephron | Kidney | Nephrotoxic | Harmful to the | | | | | kidney | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Toxo | Poison | Toxicology | Study of poison | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Suffixes** | **Meaning** | **Example** | **Meaning** | | | | | | | **Component** | | | | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | aemia | Condition of | Leukaemia | Cancer of the | | | blood | | blood cell | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | ectomy | Excision or | Nephrectomy | Excision of the | | | removal | | kidney | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | itis | Inflammation | Hepatitis | Inflammation of | | | | | the liver | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | logy | Study/science | Cytology | Study of cell | | | of | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | oma | Tumor | Retinoblastoma | Tumor of the | | | | | eye | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | pathy | Disease | Nephropathy | Diseases of the | | | | | kidney | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | osis | Disease | Necrosis | Dying cells | | | condition | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Prefix** | **Meaning** | **Example** | **Meaning** | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | An/A | Without/absence | -------- | lack of urine | | | or lack of | anuria | output | | | | -------- | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | AB | Away from | abnormal | a structure or | | | | | process that is | | | | | not normal | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | AD | Near/toward | | glands situated | | | | | one upon the | | | | | upper end of | | | | | each kidney | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Bi | Two or both | ambidextrous | using both | | | | | hands | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Dys | Difficulty/pain | Dyspnoea | difficulty in | | | ful | | breathing | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Ecto | Outside | Ectopic | Pregnancy | | | | | outside the | | | | | uterine cavity | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Endo | Inside | Endoscope | Instrument use | | | | | to look inside | | | | | the body | | | | | cavities | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Epi | Upon | Epidermis | Outer layer of | | | | | the skin | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Hyper | Excessive or | Hyperglycemia | Increase blood | | | above | | sugar | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Hypo | Beneath or | Hypodermis | Below the skin | | | below | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Inter | Between | Intercostal | Between the | | | | | ribs | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Intra | Within/ inside | Intravenous | Into the vein | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Para | Beside/about/ne | Parathyroid | Beside thyroid | | | ar | | gland | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Peri | Around | Pericardium | Membrane around | | | | | the heart | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Pre | Before | Prenatal | Before birth | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Post | After | Post-surgical | Stage after | | | | state | surgery | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Sub | Below/under | Submucosa | Tissue below | | | | | mucosa membrane | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Syn | Together | Syndrome | Group of | | | | | symptoms | | | | | occurring | | | | | together | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ CHAPTER 2 **Body structures** This chapter comprises of the basic concepts of structural organization of the body which includes anatomical positions, body planes and positions, body cavities and abdominal regions. **Intended Learning Outcomes:** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **Key Terms:** **Anatomical position** **Body planes** **Body positions** **Body cavities** ***Let's Begin!*** **Anatomical position of the body** - - - - - **Figure 1 Anatomical Position of the body** https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/426/flashcards/4626426/jpg/101anatomicalposition-143978D8DDE7C0D9EE9.jpg **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **Planes of the body** 1.Frontal or coronal -- vertical plane parallel to coronal suture of the skull; divides body or structure into anterior and posterior portions 2.Horizontal -- plane parallel to the horizon 3.Longitudinal -- plane parallel to the long axis of the structure 4.Median -- lengthwise plane that divides the body or structure into right and left halves 5.Sagittal -- any vertical plane parallel to the sagittal suture of the skull and the median plane **Figure 2 Planes of the body**  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Positions and direction terms** **Afferent -- conducting toward a structure** **Efferent -- conducting away from a structure** **Anterior or ventral -- toward the belly** **Posterior or dorsal -- toward the back** **Caudal -- Toward the back, toward the tail** **Lateral -- toward the side** **Intermediate -- between medial and lateral** **Medial -- toward the median plane/ middle/midline** **Superficial -- near the surface** **Deep -- away from the surface** **Distal or peripheral -- away from the beginning of a structure; away from the center** **Proximal -- toward the beginning of a structure** **Inferior or caudal -- away from the head; situated below another structure** **Superior or cephalic -- toward the head; situated above the another structure** **Median -- in the middle of the structure** **Central -- toward the center** **Supine: When lying face downward** **Prone: When lying face downward** **Bilateral: Involving both sides of the body** **Unilateral: Involving one side of the body** **Ipsilateral: On the same side of the body** **Contralateral: On opposite sides of the body** **Parietal: Relating to a body cavity wall** **Visceral: Relating to organs within body cavities** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** Like PandaPosition and directional terms of the body can affect the description of the body parts relative to each other. Thus, it is very vital that terms are defined and understood properly to better correlate it to different body parts. For an instance, in anatomical position, the elbow is above the hand, but in supine or prone position the elbow and hand are at the same level. **Body Cavities** - **Two main cavities** - - - - - - - - **Abdomen** **Figure 3 - Regions and Quadrants of the Abdomen** - - - - - - - - - - **BACK** **Figure 4**  **Chapter 3** **Integumentary system** - **Intended Learning Outcomes:** **Key Terms:** **Integumentary System** **Skin** **Hair** **Nails** **Glands** ***Let's Begin!*** **A.** **Functions of the integumentary system** 1.Protection - - - 2\. Sensation - - - - 3\. Vitamin D production 4.Excretion of small amounts of waste products **B. Normal structure and function**  **CUTANEOUS** Pertaining to the skin (from Latin *cutis,* meaning "skin") -------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **DERMA** Skin (from Greek) **DERMIS** the layer of the skin between the epidermis and the subcutaneous tissue; the true skin or corium **EPIDERMIS** The outermost layer of the skin (from *epi*-, meaning "upon or over" and *derm, meaning* "skin" **HAIR** A thread-like keratinized outgrowth from the skin (root: trich/o) **HAIR FOLLICLE** The sheath in which a hair develops **INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM** the skin and its associated glands, hair, and nails **KERATIN** A protein that thickens and roughens the skin and makes up hair and nails (root: kerat/o) **MELANIN** A dark pigment that gives color to the hair and skin and protects the skin against the sun's radiation (root: melano/o) **NAIL** A plate-like keratinized outgrowth of the skin that covers the dorsal surface of the terminal phalanges (root: onych/o) **SEBACEOUS GLANDS** A gland that produces sebum; usually associated with a hair follicle (root: seb/o) **SEBUM** A fatty secretion of the sebaceous glands that lubricates the hair and the skin (root: seb/o) **SKIN** The tissue that covers the body; the integument (roots: derm/o, dermat/o) **SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE** The layer of the tissue beneath the skin; also called hypodermis **SUDORIFEROUS GLAND** A sweat gland (root: hidr/o) **C. Roots pertaining to the skin, hair, and nail** **ROOT** **MEANING** **EXAMPLE** **DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE** ------------------ ---------------------------------- --------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- derm/o, dermat/o skin dermabrasion surgical procedure use to resurface the skin and remove imperfections kerat/o keratin, horny layer of the skin keratinous containing keratin, horny melan/o dark, black, melanin melanosomes a small cellular body that produces melanin hidr/o sweat, perspiration anhidrosis absence of sweating seb/o sebum, sebaceous gland seborrhea excess flow of sebum (adjective: seborrheic) trich/o hair trichomycosis fungal infection of the hair onych/o nail onychia inflammation of the nail sand nail bed (not an --it is ending) **D. Clinical signs and symptoms and disorders** **ACNE** An inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles usually associated with excess sebum secretion; acne vulgaris ----------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **actinic** Pertaining to the effects of radiant energy, such as sunlight, ultraviolet light, and x-ray **Albinism** A hereditary lack of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes **Alopecia** Absence or loss of hair; baldness **Beau lines** White lines across the fingernails; usually a sign of systemic disease or injury **bromhidrosis** Sweat that has a foul odor because of bacterial decomposition; also called staphylococcus, also spelled bromidrosis (bro-mi-DRO-sis) **carbuncle** A localized infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, usually caused by staphylococus,and associated with pain and discharge of pus **comedo** A plug od sebum, often containing bacteria, in a hair follicle; a blackhead (plural:comedones) **Dermatophytosis** Fungal infection of the skin, especially between the toes; athlete's foot (roor: *phyt/o* means "plant") **diaphoresis** Profuse sweating **dysketoresis** Any abnormality in keratin formation in epithelial cells **Ecchymosis** A collection of blood under the skin caused by leakage from small vessels **Erysipelas** An acute infectious skin disease with localized redness and swelling and systematic symptoms **Erythema nodosum** Inflammation of subcutaneous tissue resulting in tender, erythematous nodules; may be an abnormal immune response to a systemic disease, an infection, or a drug **Exanthema** Any cutaneous eruption that accompanies a disease, such as measles; a rash **Excoriation** Lesion caused by scratching or abrasion **Folliculitis** Inflammation of a hair follicle **Furuncle** A painful skin nodule caused by staphylococci that enter through a hair follicle; a boil **hemangioma** A benign tumor of blood vessels; in the skin, called birthmarks or port wine stain **Herpes simplex** A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus. Type I herpes simplex virus produces fluid-filled vesicle, usually on the lips, after fever sun exposure, injury, or stress: cold sore, fever blister. Type II infections usually involve the genital organs **Hirsutism** Excessive growth of hair **Itchyosis** A dry, scaly condition of the skin (from the root: *ichthy/o*, meaning "fish" **Impetigo** A bacterial skin infection with pustules that rupture and form crusts; most seen in children, usually on the face **Keratosis** Any skin condition marked by thickened or horny growth. Seborrheic keratosis is a benign tumor, yellow or light brown color that appears in the elderly. actinic keratosis is caused by exposure to sunlight and may lead to squamous cell carcinoma **lichenification** Thickened marks caused by chronic rubbing, as seen in atopic dermatitis (a lichen is a flat, branching type of plant that grows on rocks and bark) **Mycosis fungoides** A rare malignant disease that originates in the skin and involves the internal organs and lymph nodes. There are large, painful ulcerating tumors **Nevus** A defined discoloration of the skin; congenital vascular skin tumor; a mole, birthmark **Paronychia** Infection around the nails. Caused by bacteria and fungi and may affect multiple nails **Pediculosis** Infestation with lice **Petechiae** Flat, pinpoint, purplish-red spots caused by bleeding within the skin or mucous membrane (singular: petechia) **Photosensitization** Sensitization of the skin to light, usually from the action of drugs, plant products, or other substances **Purpura** A condition characterized by hemorrhages into the skin and other tissues **Rosacea** A condition of unknown cause involving redness of the skin, pustules, and overactivity of sebaceous glands, mainly on the face **Scabies** A highly contagious skin disease caused by a mite **Senile lentigines** Brown macule that appears on sun-exposed skin in adults; liver spots **Shingles** An acute eruption of vesicle along the path of a nerve; herpes zoster; caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox **Tinea** A fungal skin infection; ringworm **Tinea versicolor** Superficial chronic fungal infection that causes varied skin pigmentation **Urticarial** A skin reaction marked by temporary, smooth raised areas (wheals) associated with itching; hives **Venous stasis ulcer** Ulcer caused by venous insufficiency and stasis of venous blood; usually forms near the ankle **Verruca** En epidermal tumor; a wart **Vitiligo** Patchy disappearance of pigment of the skin; leukoderma **Xeroderma pigmentosum** A fatal hereditary disease that begins in childhood with skin discolorations and ulcers and muscle atrophy. There is increased sensitivity to the sun and increased susceptibility to cancer **Diagnosis and treatment** **ALOE** A gel from leaves of the plant *Aloe vera* that is used in treatment of burns and minor skin irritations **Antipruritic** Agent that prevents or relieves itching **Cautery** Destruction of tissue by physical or chemical means; cauterization; also, the instrument or chemical used for this purpose **Dermabrasion** A plastic surgical procedure for removing scar or birthmarks by chemical or mechanical destruction of epidermal tissue **dermatoplasty** Transplantation of human skin; skin grafting **Diascopy** examination of skin lesion **Fulguration** Destruction of tissue by high-frequency electric sparks **Skin turgor** Resistance of the skin to deformation. Evidenced by the ability of the skin to return to position when pinched. Skin turgor is to measure of the skin's elasticity and state of hydration. It typically declines with the age and when decreased may also be a sign of poor nutrition **Wood lamp** An ultraviolet light used to diagnose fungal infection **E. Types of Skin Lesions** https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images/wp-content/uploads/sites/1094/2016/11/03173059/OSC\_Microbio\_21\_01\_LesionLine.jpg **Lesion** **Dercription** ------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- bulla raised, fluid-filled lesion larger than a vesicle (plural: bullae) fissure crack or break in the skin macule flat, colored spot nodule solid, raised lesion larger than a papule; often indicative of systemic disease papule small, circular, raised lesion at the surface of the skin plaque superficial, flat, or slightly raised differentiated patch more than 1 cm in diameter pustule raised lesion containing pus; often hair follicle or sweat pore ulcer lesion resulting from destruction of the skin and perhaps subcutaneous tissue vesicle small, fluid-filled, raised lesion; a blister or bleb wheal smooth, rounded, slightly raised area often associated with itching; seen in urticaria (hives), such as that resulting from allergy **F. Other terminology-key terms** **Atopic dermatitis** Hereditary, allergic, chronic skin inflammation with pruritus (itching); eczema ------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Basal cell carcinoma** An epithelial tumor that rarely metastasizes and has a high cure rate with surgical removal **cicatrization** The process of scar formation; a scar is a cicatrix **debridement** Removal of dead or damaged tissue, as from a wound **dehiscence** Splitting or bursting, as when the layers of a wound separate **dermatitis** Inflammation of the skin, often associated with redness and itching; may be caused by allergy, irritants (contact dermatitis), or a variety of diseases **dermatology** Study of the skin and diseases of the skin **dermatome** Instrument for cutting thin skin sections for grafting **eczema** A general term for skin inflammation with redness, lesion, and itching; atopic dermatitis **erythema** Diffused redness of the skin **escharotomy** Removal of scab tissue resulting from burns or other skin injuries; a scab or crust is an eschar (ES-kar) **evisceration** Protrusion of internal organs (viscera) through an opening, as through a wound **exudate** Material, which may include fluid, cells, pus, or blood, that escapes from damage tissue **Kaposi sarcoma** Cancerous lesion of the skin and other tissues seen most often in patients with AIDS **Keloid** A raised, thickened scar caused by tissue overgrowth during scar formation **Lupus erythematosus (LE)** A chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of connective tissue that often involves the skin; types include the more widespread systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and a discoid form (DLE) that involves only the skin **Malignant melanoma** A metastasizing pigmented skin tumor **pemphigus** An autoimmune disease of the skin characterized by sudden, intermittent formation of bullae (blisters); may be fetal if untreated **Pressure ulcer** An ulcer caused by pressure to an area of the body, as from a bed or chair; decubitus ulcer, bedsore, pressure sore **pruritus** Severe itching **psoriasis** A chronic hereditary dermatitis with red lesions covered by silvery scales **Rule of nines** A method for estimating the extent of body surface area involved in a burn by assigning percentages in multiples of nine to various body regions **scleroderma** A chronic disease that is characterized by thickening and tightening of the skin and that often involves internal organs in a form called progressive systematic sclerosis (PSS) **Squamous cell carcinoma** An epidermal cancer that may invade deeper tissues but tends not to metastasize Integumentary literally means covering and is familiar to most people because it covers the outside of the body and is easily observed. The appearance of integumentary system can indicate some physiological imbalances in the body. Also, disorders of other parts of the body can be reflected in the integumentary system and thus are useful for diagnosis. This is the end of the Prelims coverage