Introduction To Ergonomics PDF

2/7/23 Introduction to Ergonomics IE438. Industrial Safety and Health Lecture # 13 Dr. Majed Moosa 1 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 1 Introduction Lesson objectives: 1. Identify common work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs...

2/7/23 Introduction to Ergonomics IE438. Industrial Safety and Health Lecture # 13 Dr. Majed Moosa 1 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 1 Introduction Lesson objectives: 1. Identify common work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). 2. Recognize risk factors associated with work-related MSDs. 3. Identify ergonomic control methods for eliminating/reducing work-related MSDs. PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 2 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 2 1 2/7/23 Introduction This chart shows how MSDs compare to other hazards based on percentage of injuries and illnesses using statistics from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, FY2014. 3 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 3 Introduction This chart shows the incident rates of musculoskeletal disorders for selected private sector industries. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 4 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 4 2 2/7/23 Introduction Ergonomics “The scientific discipline concerned with understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, methods and data to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance” 5 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 5 Introduction Ergonomics means “fitting the job to the worker,” including: • Work stations • Tools • Equipment Ergo = Work Nomos = Law PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 6 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 6 3 2/7/23 Introduction Why is ergonomics important? • Overexertion leading cause of injuries – Most costly – Recurring/Persistent pain may develop in future • Bodily reaction is another leading cause of injuries in workplace • Repetitive motion also within top 10 most common workplace injuries PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 7 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 7 Common Work-Related MSDs Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) • Affect the muscles, nerves, blood vessels, ligaments, and tendons • Symptoms − Discomfort − Pain − Numbness − Loss of motion/flexibility − Spasticity − Stiff joints PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 − Burning − Swelling − Tingling − Inflammation − Throbbing − Paralysis 8 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 8 4 2/7/23 Common Work-Related MSDs • Common MSD disorders: – – – – – – – – – Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Tennis Elbow Bursitis Ischemia De Quervain’s Sciatica Herniated Discs Neck strain/disability Tendinitis PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 Rotator Cuff Neuritis Reynaud’s Syndrome Trigger Finger Thoracic Outlet Syndrome – Epicondylitis – Back strain/disability – – – – – 9 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 9 Common Work-Related MSDs Most commonly affected areas: • Back • Arms, Elbows, and Shoulders • Neck • Hands, Wrists, and Fingers • Knees, Ankles, and Feet PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 This chart shows a distribution of injuries and illnesses to body parts due to MSDs using statistics from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, FY2014. 10 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 10 5 2/7/23 Common Work-Related MSDs Highest rate of missed days Highest incident rate Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 11 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 11 Risk Factors Associated with MSDs Risk factors of MSD injuries: • Dependent upon: – Work positions and postures – How often task is performed – Level of required effort and duration of task PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 12 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 12 6 2/7/23 Risk Factors Associated with MSDs • Examples of risk factors include: – Exerting excessive force • Lifting heavy objects/people • Pushing or pulling heavy loads • Manual pouring materials • Maintaining control of equipment or tools – Performing same/similar tasks repetitively Source: OSHA PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 13 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 13 Risk Factors Associated with MSDs – Working in awkward postures or same postures for long periods • Prolonged/repetitive reaching above shoulder height • Kneeling • Squatting • Leaning over a counter/bending • Using a knife with wrists bent • Twisting the torso while lifting – Localized pressure into the body part Source: OSHA • Pressing the body/part of the body against hard or sharp edges • Using the hand as a hammer PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 14 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 14 7 2/7/23 Risk Factors Associated with MSDs – Cold temperatures (in combination with other risk factors) – Vibration • Whole body • Hand-arm – Combined exposure to several risk factors Source of graphics: OSHA PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 15 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 15 Ergonomic Control Methods Methods of protecting against MSDs: • Establish ergonomics program – Training – Feedback from all levels • Conduct job hazard analysis (JHAs) • Early recognition and reporting of potential MSDs PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 16 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 16 8 2/7/23 Ergonomic Control Methods Job Hazard Analysis Tasks Hazards Controls This table provides an example of a tool that can be used when conducting a job hazard analysis. The first column provides a list of tasks performed by a job; the middle column is provided for listing identified hazards; and, the third column provides a list of controls that can be used to mitigate the hazards. 17 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 17 Ergonomic Control Methods • Examples of engineering controls – – – – Work station design and setup Ergonomically designed tools Ergonomically designed equipment Load weight reduction Source: OSHA (International Labor Organization) PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 18 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 18 9 2/7/23 Ergonomic Control Methods • Examples of proper work practices: – – – – – – Proper lifting techniques (NIOSH) Team lift heavy/bulky/awkward loads Stretch Work rotation Task variety Increase rest breaks Source of graphics: OSHA PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 19 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 19 Ergonomic Control Methods • Examples of PPE: – – – – – – – Gripping gloves Knee pads Vibration gloves Thermal gloves Lifting straps Shoulder harness Lifting braces Source of graphics: OSHA PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 20 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 20 10 2/7/23 Ergonomic Control Methods Physical ergonomic hazards and solutions: • Reaching above the head/shoulders - hazards – Working with the hands above head for more than 2 hours per day Source of graphics: OSHA 21 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 21 Ergonomic Control Methods – Working with the elbows above shoulders for more than 2 hours per day Source of graphics: OSHA PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 22 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 22 11 2/7/23 Ergonomic Control Methods • Reaching above the head/shoulders - solutions – Keep items within close reach – Elevate work areas Source: NIOSH Source: NIOSH Source: OSHA 23 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 23 Ergonomic Control Methods • Reaching above the head/shoulders - solutions – Remove obstacles – Utilize equipment to raise and lower items or move items closer to worker Source: OSHA PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 Source: OSHA Source: NIOSH 24 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 24 12 2/7/23 Ergonomic Control Methods • Awkward body postures - hazards – Working with the neck or back bent forward more than 30° for more than 2 hours per day Source of graphics: OSHA 25 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 25 Ergonomic Control Methods – Squatting for more than 2 hours per day Source of graphics: OSHA PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 26 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 26 13 2/7/23 Ergonomic Control Methods – Kneeling for more than 2 hours per day Source: OSHA 27 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 27 Ergonomic Control Methods • Awkward body postures - solutions – Raise and/or tilt the work for better access – Use a stool for ground-level work Source: OSHA Source: NIOSH Source: OSHA PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 28 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 28 14 2/7/23 Ergonomic Control Methods • Awkward body postures - solutions – Use tools with longer handles – Alternate between bending, kneeling, sitting, and squatting Source: OSHA Source: NIOSH Source: OSHA 29 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 29 Ergonomic Control Methods • Awkward grips - hazards – Gripping 10 or more pounds or force for 2 or more hours per day Source of graphics: OSHA PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 30 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 30 15 2/7/23 Ergonomic Control Methods • Awkward grips - hazards – Pinching 2 or more pounds of weight or 4 or more pounds of force for 2 or more hours per day Source of graphics: OSHA 31 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 31 Ergonomic Control Methods • Awkward grips - solutions – – – – – Design work layout to reduce hand-carrying Reduce amount of items carried at one time Use non-pinch grip postures Use ergonomically designed tools/aids Use job/task rotation “C” shaped posture Source of graphics: OSHA PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 32 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 32 16 2/7/23 Ergonomic Control Methods • Repetitive motions - hazards – Repeating same motion for more than two hours per day with hands, wrists, elbows, shoulders, or neck Source: OSHA 33 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 33 Ergonomic Control Methods • Repetitive motions - hazards – Intense keying for more than 4 hours per day Source: OSHA PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 34 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 34 17 2/7/23 Ergonomic Control Methods • Repetitive motions - solutions – – – – – – Arrange work to avoid unnecessary motions Let power tools and machinery do the work Spread repetitive work out during the day Take stretch pauses Rotate task with co-workers if possible Change hands or motions frequently Source of graphics: OSHA 35 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 35 Ergonomic Control Methods • Localized pressure on body part - hazards – Pressing the body/part of the body against hard or sharp edges – Standing/kneeling for prolonged periods on hard surfaces – Using tools with hard handle surfaces or short handles Source of graphics: OSHA PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 36 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 36 18 2/7/23 Ergonomic Control Methods • Localized pressure on body part - hazards – Using hands/knees as a hammer more than 10 times in 1 hour or more than 2 times per day (long-term) Source of graphics: OSHA 37 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 37 Ergonomic Control Methods • Localized pressure on body part - solutions – Use tools with longer handles – Use tools with padded grips – Alternate between bending, kneeling, sitting, and squatting; use sit/stand stools or tables Source of graphics: OSHA PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 38 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 38 19 2/7/23 Ergonomic Control Methods • Localized pressure on body part - solutions – Pad table edges or use tables/desktops with rounded edges – Use wrist rests, anti-fatigue mats, knee pads, shoe inserts or other items that reduce stress on body parts Source of graphics: OSHA 39 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 39 Ergonomic Control Methods • Lifting objects - hazards – Lifting more than • 75 lbs. once/day • 55 lbs. ten times/day • 10 lbs. more than twice/minute or for more than 2 hours/day • 25 lbs. above shoulders, below knees, or at arms length more than 25 times/day Source of graphics: OSHA PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 40 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 40 20 2/7/23 Ergonomic Control Methods • Lifting objects - hazards – Heavy, frequent, and awkward lifting Source of graphics: OSHA PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 41 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 41 Ergonomic Control Methods • Lifting - solutions – Managing for safer lifting • Plan lifts • Minimize lifting distances • Position materials to power zone levels • Avoid manually lifting/lowering loads to/from floor • Identify/reduce unstable or heavy loads • Reduce frequency of lifting and duration of lifting tasks • Provide clear access Source of graphics: NIOSH PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 42 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 42 21 2/7/23 Ergonomic Control Methods • Lifting - solutions – Employee guidelines for safer lifting • Stretch before lifting • Check for tags on loads • Test load for stability and weight • Plan the lift • Use proper lifting techniques – grip; two hands; smooth, even motions; load close to body; legs to push up and lift load; avoid twisting; alternate with less physically demanding tasks; rest breaks • Get assistance when necessary Source of graphics: OSHA PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 43 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 43 Ergonomic Control Methods • Lifting - solutions – Use proper lifting techniques Caution: This technique may be effective only if loads are small, lightweight, and can easily fit between the knees. Keep the load close to your body and lift by pushing up with your legs. Source: NIOSH PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 44 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 44 22 2/7/23 Ergonomic Control Methods • Lifting - solutions – Use proper lifting techniques Lean the sack onto your kneeling leg. Slide the sack up onto your kneeling leg. Slide the sack onto the other leg while keeping the sack close to your body. As you stand up, keep the sack close to your body. Source: NIOSH 45 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 45 Ergonomic Control Methods Vibration – hazards • Moderate – more than 2 hours per day • High – more than 30 minutes per day • Prolonged Source of graphics: OSHA PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 46 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 46 23 2/7/23 Ergonomic Control Methods Vibration – solutions • Use low-vibration tools and devices that may reduce vibration (tool balancers, extension handles, vibration isolators, damping techniques) • Adequate rest periods • Rotate jobs • Maintenance • PPE Source of graphics: OSHA PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 47 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 47 Ergonomic Control Methods Environmental ergonomic hazards: • Amplify/increase risk of MSDs • Examples – Hot weather – Cold weather – affects worker coordination and dexterity – High-temperature indoor (steam rooms, attics) – Cold-temperature indoor (walk-in freezers, cold process rooms) – Low visibility PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 48 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 48 24 2/7/23 Employer/Employee Requirements General Duty Clause • Each Employer: 1. Shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees; 2. Shall comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under this Act. • Each Employee: 1. Shall comply with occupational safety and health standards and all rules, regulations, and orders issued pursuant to this Act which are applicable to his own actions and conduct. PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 49 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 49 Employee/Employer Requirements Report signs or symptoms if: • • • • • Pain is persistent, severe or worsening Pain radiates Symptoms include numbness or tingling Symptoms keep you from sleeping at night Fingers blanch or turning white PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 50 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 50 25 2/7/23 Employee/Employer Requirements Getting involved: • Look at jobs Come up with solutions Work with solutions Take part in training Take responsibility for changing the way you do your job • Help to make sure efforts are successful • • • • PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 51 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 51 Five Key Points to Remember • Ergonomics can help you on your job • WMSDs can happen in jobs with risk factors • Risk factors can be reduced and WMSDs prevented • Reporting signs and symptoms early is important • You can help your company put ergonomics changes into place PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Ergonomics v.03.01.17 52 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup 52 26