World War One (1914-1919) Notes

World War One (1914 – 1919) “The Great War” Militarism (Competing to Imperialism (Getting involved build bigger and better armies politically a...

World War One (1914 – 1919) “The Great War” Militarism (Competing to Imperialism (Getting involved build bigger and better armies politically and economically in other countries and navies than rivals) in order to gain wealth and power). European nations had European nations, in need of raw submarines, tanks, gasses, materials, fought for colonies in Asia machine guns and airplanes & Africa. that made warfare more deadly. The MAIN Causes of World War One Alliances (to make Nationalism (the feeling agreements to support each that specific nation, language or other in times of war). culture is superior to all others). Groups of nations allied Groups ruled by other nations themselves to balance the struggle for independence. power of others. Pre-War Alliances Triple Alliance Austria-Hungary Triple Entente Britain Germany France Italy Russia 1  The Spark that Started the War The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by a Serbian nationalist. Why did this start a war? Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Because of an earlier alliance, Russia agreed to defend Serbia. They mobilized (prepared military) for war. So… Germany declared war on Russia and France, which led… Britain to declare war on Germany, which led… Austria-Hungary to declare war on Russia! Who’s is on which side now? Austria-Hungary Central Powers Germany Allied Powers Britain France Russia Italy** ** Note: Italy switched sides in 1915! 2  The War in Europe Unlike previous wars, European militarism provided new technologies to help each side, especially: Machine Guns Poisonous Gases Airplanes U-Boats (submarines) They also used new strategies, especially trench warfare: defending a position by fighting from the protection of deep ditches. The area between opposing trenches was called no-man’s-land. Much of the fighting took place here. 3 What should the US do? Stay Neutral or Go To War? - Who wants to be at war?! - Many thought the War dealt with European Reasons matters, not American ones. - Although most sided with the Allies, many for Americans had immigrated from the nations of Neutrality the Central Powers. - American businesses were making lots of money off of the war, especially selling supplies to the Allies. By the end of 1914, the war had already become a stalemate (neither side could win a decisive victory) So how do we get involved? 1) The Sinking of the Lusitania: German U-boat warfare sinks the Lusitania, a British boat with 128 Americans on board. Americans become increasingly upset over German submarines sinking non-military ships. 2) The Zimmerman Note: German ambassador to Mexico proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico against the US. For their effort, Mexico would receive the lands of New Mexico, Arizona and Texas. Americans found out about this and become outraged. On April 6, 1917, we declare war on Germany! 4 The United States at Home during the Great War The War Industries Board was created to oversee the production and distribution of goods manufactured by the nation’s war industries (steel, copper, rubber, etc). The Committee of Public Information was formed to increase public support for the war effort. They attempted to show the importance of the US being in the War. Congress passed the Selective Service Act, which made all males age 21-30 register for a draft. Numbers were drawn at random for the draft. Liberty Bonds were sold to raise money for supplies for the allies. The Food Administration increased food production in the US to feed allies, while the Fuel Administration increased production of coal, gas and oil. Workers realized the labor shortage allowed them the advantage to strike for higher wages and better working conditions. The National War Labor Board settled disputes between workers and management to prevent strikes. Role of Women: Took over jobs at home, volunteered as nurses and ambulance drivers in the army. 5  Establishing Peace In 1917, Russia had left the War and the US had joined it. In Nov 1918, an armistice (truce) went into effect, bringing an end to the war. Europe After the War - More than 8 million soldiers had been killed, more than 20 million had been wounded. - The economies of the nations involved were ruined. - The land and buildings all over Europe were destroyed. More than $30 billion in property had been destroyed. France, Britain and Germany all were in debt. Wilson’s Fourteen Points - President Wilson came up with a plan for peace terms that would not be too hard on the Central Powers and would not lead to another war. These were called the Fourteen Points. - Most of the Points dealt with specific nations or regions, some called for freedom of ships on the seas and smaller armies and navies, and an end to secret agreements between nations. - Emphasized Self-Determination: The right of people to decide their own political status. In other words, rather than have an outside empire decide the political situation, the people could do it themselves. - The last point called for the creation of a League of Nations: an international congress designed to settle disputes and protect democracy. Many Americans and Europeans did not like Wilson’s Fourteen Points. They wanted to punish the Germans. Paris Peace Conference - The Big Four (Wilson, British PM Lloyd George, French Premier Clemenceau, Italian PM Orlando) and others meet at Paris Peace Conference figure out terms of peace. - They argue about what to do, each having different interests. Wilson is unable to convince them to accept all of the Fourteen Points. - Other leaders all insist that Germany pay reparations, payment for damages and expenses brought o by the War. Total cost: $33 Billion. They also split up some of the land that Germany had gained during the War. Finally, the Treaty of Versailles was proposed. It included some of the Fourteen Points, especially the right of self-determination. New nations were created, while the Allies took over the former colonies of the Central Powers. 6 Problems with the League of Nations - President Wilson felt the most important part of the Treaty was the creation of the League of Nations. It would include representatives from democratic nations and promote peace by working cooperatively to settle disputes. - The Senate, however, did not agree with the Treaty of Versailles and refused to ratify it. They were concerned that if the US joined the League of Nations, the US would be too closely involved with Europe. The US had gained little from fighting, but had lost tens of thousands of young Americans in the War. In the end, the US signed a separate peace treaty with the Central Powers. *************************************** Effects of WWI US entry into the War in 1917 Millions of deaths and widespread destructions in Europe Treaty of Versailles Breakup of German and Austro-Hungarian Empires Creation of several new nations League of Nations 7