History Revision Exercise - World War 1 PDF

**Chapter 1 Roadmap to the First World War** Part 1: The map of Europe Part 2: Write down some key points for each of the [Great Powers]. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Britain | 1. Strongest Power | |...

**Chapter 1 Roadmap to the First World War** Part 1: The map of Europe Part 2: Write down some key points for each of the [Great Powers]. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Britain | 1. Strongest Power | | | | | | - Strongest navy | | | | | | - Most colonies | | | | | | 2. Diplomatic (foreign) Policy | | | | | | - Splendid isolation | +===================================+===================================+ | Germany | 1. Victory in Franco-Prussian | | | War (1871) | | | | | | - Unification of Germany | | | | | | - Caused revengeful feeling of | | | France | | | | | | - Gained Alsace Lorraine | | | | | | 2. Hated by France, Suspicious | | | feeling of Britain | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | France | Hunger for revenge...against | | | Germany | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Austria-Hungary | 1. Multi-nations (\>10) | | | | | | 2. To expand to Balkan Peninsula | | | | | | 3. Slavs seeking for | | | independence | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Russia | 1. To gain an ice-free port for | | | international trades | | | | | | 2. To expand to Balkan Peninsula | | | and Mediterranean Sea | | | | | | 3. To unite Slavs in Balkan | | | Peninsula | | | | | | 4. To regain power after the | | | defeat of the Crimean War | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Italy | 1. Competed in Tunisia (Africa) | | | with France for colonies | | | | | | 2. Compared to other European | | | powers, it was economically | | | and militarily weaker | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Part 3: Draw a relationship map **Chapter 2 Causes of the First World War: *Formation of rival military alliances*** Part 1: What is the origin if the Alliance System? - [Otto Von Bismarck] - [Three Emperors' League ] - [Austria-Hungary & Russia] - To isolate France: Bismarck was worried that France would recover and want revenge for its defeat in 1871 - To prevent two-front war The above league ended in as Austria-Hungary and Russia had conflicts over [Balkan Peninsula.] Part 2 Part 3: - The European powers were unwilling to settle disputes in a peaceful way since they believed that their allies would give them military support - The alliance system stirred up international tensions which caused regional conflicts and escalated into a world war. Part 4 Chapter 3: Causes of the First World War: Scramble for colonies among the powers ***[CORN]*:** C: Cheap labour force O: Overseas markets R: Raw materials N: National glory Try to explain in full sentences: 1. To find supplies of raw materials and overseas markets for their industrial products, and obtain cheap overseas labour force for industrial development **4. Causes of the First World War: Growth of extreme nationalism** Part 1: What is the definition of extreme nationalism? - Unquestionable/ absolute loyalty to the nation What are the 2 characteristics of extreme nationalism? - National pride is south through national expansion - War is inevitable, prioritise their own national interests Part 2: What were the 4 major forms of extreme nationalism? +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Form of extreme nationalism | Definition and expression | +===================================+===================================+ | Revengeful feelings of the French | After Franco- Prussian War, | | | France wanted defeat Germany and | | | take back Alsace and Lorraine | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Pan- Germanism | - Germany & Austria- Hungary | | | | | | - The German people should | | | expand in Europe | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Pan- Slavism | Russia put forward the idea of | | | Pan- Slavism to unite all Slav | | | people under Russian control | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Greater Serbia Movement | Greater Serbia Movement, | | | emphasising the unification of | | | the Serbians in Balkan Peninsula | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Part 3: How did extreme nationalism lead to the outbreak of WWI? It promoted foreign expansion, which in turn, worsen their relationship, even caused conflicts among European powers. Part 4: Homework 1. Negative attitude, because Germany was stretching their hands to the globe, trying to get the whole world. And there are dead soldiers and weapons, creating a war-like situation at the background, meaning.... 2. The cartoonist thought that German are desperate in expanding the whole world in an extremely cruel way, war. Other countries can only hide and were flabbergasted by Germany's cruel actions. **5. Causes of the First World War: Armaments race among the great powers** Part 1: Give examples of different ways to strengthen the military power of a country - Practised conscription and lengthened the period for military services - Designed strategic plans against the enemies - Invented new weapons, such as fighter aircrafts and submarines - Built up power battleships, such as dreadnoughts Part 2: The naval race between Britain and Germany. a. Starter: - Britain was an island. It needed a navy to protect its coastline - To protect her vast overseas Empire - Britain relied on trade with other nations. It needed the navy to protect its trade ships Why did Germany need/ want a strong navy? - Kaiser was jealous of Britain's power and Empire. He wanted Germany to become just as powerful - He claimed that since Germany had an Empire, she needed a large navy to protect it b. Development and result - More dreadnoughts - Expensive; Give up and let Britain win; The army was demanding its fair share c. Impact - Disarmament conferences/ The Hague Conference - The fear, suspicion, and hatred 6. **International crises before the outbreak of WWI** 1. Rich in [natural resources]: - The main industries in Morocoo are [petroleum and raw materials] 2. High strategic value: - It has [a long coastline]; - The entrance and exit of [Mediterranean Sea]; - For France: entrance and exit of [Africa]; - [France] won with the help of [Britain]; - Germany decided to accept a [face- saving compromise] Results of the **Second Moroccan Crisis**: - [France] won with the help of [Britain]; - France would take over Morocco completely and in return they would give Germany [some lands in Africa] - [Serbia] won - Serbia wanted to gain access to the sea, but denied by [Austria- Hungary] - [Albania] became an independent state. **Second Balkan War (1913)** Launched by: [Bulgaria] V.S. [Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and the Ottoman Empire] Results: - [Bulgaria] was defeated - [Serbia] gained much land & became stronger - Relationship between [Serbia] & [Austria- Hungary] was greatly worsened. - [Austria-Hungary] won and successfully annexed [Bosnia Herzegovina] with the support of [Germany]. - Relationship between [Austria- Hungary] & [Serbia] was grealy worsened. 7. **Sarajevo Incident and the outbreak of WWI** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Victim | Archduke Franz Ferdinand | +===================================+===================================+ | Nationality | Austria -- Hungary | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Occupation | Heir to the throne of the Austro- | | | Hungarian Empire | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Date of death | Jun 28 , 1914 | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Time of death | 11 a.m. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Place of death | Sarajevo City Hall, Bosnia | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cause of death | Gun shot, murdered | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Assassin | Gavrilo Pincip | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Purpose of the assassin | Support the unification between | | | Bosnia and Serbia | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Background of the assassin | Member of Black Hand | | | | | | (a Serbian Nationalist Society) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Part 2: The outbreak of the War -- 3 steps to war (S.U.M.) **S**[upport]: [Austria-Hungary] gain support from [Germany]. **U**[ltimatum]: [Austria] sent an ultimatum to [Serbia] and asked them to response within hours **M**[obilisation and Declaration of War]: Serbia could not accept the ultimatum in full. As a result on [28 July], 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on [Serbia]. Part 3: How did the Austro-Serbia conflict (a regional conflict start) start off the WWI (a world war)? a. Russia began to mobilise its troops to support Serbia. b. Schlieffen Plan c. Belgium d. Britain Results: By 4 August, a local conflict between [Austria-Hungary] and [Serbia] had developed into [world war.] Part 4: Opposing camps of WWI - Allied Powers: Britain, France, Italy, Russia - Central Powers: Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, Ottoman Empire - The Ottoman Empire joined [Central] Powers in 19[14,] they used to own [Balkan Peninsula], they hope to regain their lost hands - Bulgaria joined [Central] Powers in 19, they lost territories in [the Second Balkan], they hope to regain their lost lands. - Italy joined [Allied] Powers in 19, they were promised to give them [land]. Part 5: Battle fields and war fronts: - The Western Front ([Britain & France] VS [Germany]) - The Eastern Front ([Germany & Austria] VS [Russia]) 8. **The main development of the WWI** - On 28 July 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on [Serbia]. The First World War broke out. - After the outbreak of war, Germany carried out [Schlieffen Plan] in order to avoid a [two- front war]. However, its plan failed, and the Central Powers had to fight on both [Eastern] and [Western] Fronts. - In 1915, [Germany] and [Austria-Hungary] defeated [Russia] on the [Eastern] Front, but failed to make it surrender - In July 1916, both Britain and Germany started to use [warplanes]. Since then, [air combat] had become an important pattern of war. - In September, Britain used [tanks] on the Western Front, making [trench warfare] ineffective. - In February 1917, Germany adopted the policy of [unrestricted submarine warface] to cut of [Britain's] supplies. - In April, the [United States] declared war on Germany. - In Novmeber, the [October Revolution] took place in Russia, and the Czarist government was overthrown. The new government soon withdrew from [WWI] the fighting on the [Eastern] Front ended. - In Early 1918, Germany made several major attacks on the [Western] Front, but all of the attempts [failed]. Then, the Allied Powers [counter-attacked]. - During September and early November, [Bulgaria, Turkey] and [Austria- Hungary] surrendered one after the other. - On 11 November, Germany also signed an [armistice] with the [Allied Power]. The First World War ended. 9. **The peace arrangemet: Paris Peace Conference** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What they should do for peace? | What did they really do for their | | | own interests? | +===================================+===================================+ | 1.Hold the peace conference in an | They held the conference in | | allied/ central/ neutral country | [Paris], the capital | | | of [France]. | | | | | | (Because France wanted to make | | | sure that everyone did see [how | | | destructive of First World War | | | had been], and to get | | | revenge for what | | | [Germany] had done to | | | their country.) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 2.Negotiate ([frankly & | They didn't invite [German and | | openly]/ secretly & | people from defeated | | privately) with your opponents | countries] to take | | | part in the peace conference and | | | they [didn't | | | negotiate] with them. | | | They were only invited to turn up | | | right at the end to [sign the | | | treaty]. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3.Humiliate/ [Don't Humiliate | They stage-manged the signing | | your opponents] | ceremony; | | | | | | They also drew up the [most | | | humiliating treaty] | | | in history. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | Treaty of Versailles | | | | | | - The German [army] | | | was reducted to 100,000; no | | | [tanks], | | | [submarines] and | | | [fighter planes] | | | were allowed; | | | | | | - Germany had to pay | | | [reparations] to | | | the powers (6.6 billion | | | pounds in 42 years) | | | | | | - Germany had to give up [all | | | its colnies] | | | | | | - Germany had to cede 13% of | | | its land to [neighbouring | | | nations]. | | | | | | - The [Rhineland] | | | would become [demilitarised | | | zone]. | | | | | | - German and | | | [Austria] were | | | forbidden to be | | | [unified]; | | | | | | - German had to accept [full | | | responsibility] | | | for causing the war (the [War | | | Guilt] Clause) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Part 3: The impact of WWI - Change in world politics: 3 powerful European empires fell ([German Empire], [Austro-Hungarian Empire], [Tsarist Russia]) and many new nation states were created; [the US] and [Japan] grew stronger