AP History Unit 2: World War One Notes PDF

World War One Murder at Sarajevo DIRECT CAUSES OF WW1 Sarajevo was a sleepy city in Austria-Hungary. On Sunday morning on the 28th of June, 1914, the population was getting ready to welcome Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia. The Archduke was an important visitor since he w...

World War One Murder at Sarajevo DIRECT CAUSES OF WW1 Sarajevo was a sleepy city in Austria-Hungary. On Sunday morning on the 28th of June, 1914, the population was getting ready to welcome Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia. The Archduke was an important visitor since he would one day rule the kingdom. As the couple was in a four car motorcade, at 10 am, a bomb was hurled at the Archduke’s limousine without hurting him. Sooner, he was assured that he would be safe. But then a few moments later, 19 year old Gavrilo Pincip stepped up to the limousine and shot both the Archduke and his wife, both died on the way to the hospital. Gavrilo Princip was apprehended soon after. He was a member of a serbian terrorist group called The Black Hand, they wanted the serbia parts of Austria Hungary to join the independent country of Serbia and saw the assassination as a way to achieve this goal. The assassination was the spark that caused the war. TIMELINE JULY 23 1914 - Austria Hungary sent an ultimatum to Serbia asking to allow Austria-Hungarian officials into serbia to ensure all terrorist movements are crushed. JULY 25 1914 - Serbia replies, refusing to allow Austria Hungary’s inspection. JULY 28 1914 - WW1 began when Austria Hungary invaded serbia. JULY 29 1914 - Russia moved its army to the border of Austria Hungary and Germany, Germany declares war on russia. AUGUST 3 1914 - Germany declares war on france. AUGUST 4 1914 - Germany invades Belgium, Britain declares war on Germany and Canada as a colony was at war as well. INDIRECT CAUSES OF WW1 #1 Alliances The Triple Entente also known as “The Allies”; France, Russia, and Britain. The Triple Alliance also known as “The Central Powers”; Germany, Italy, Austria Hungary Problems with alliances 1. Any conflict with a country protected by an alliance could expand to a larger conflict. 2. Large conflicts affect a large amount of people  3. Can result in more conflict than peace. 4. Breed fear into countries not protected by alliances. #2 Imperialism As European countries industrialized(built factories, manufacturing. buildings) toward the end of the 1800s, weapons for war became advanced. Therefore, the ability to invade other countries and create empires became possible, The idea of imperialism was born. It was a country’s desire to create an empire by invading smaller countries and imposing political rules for them. - European powers created colonies from which they took raw materials to make themselves richer. - They controlled the government of the colony to ensure obedience. Examples of empires The triple entente (the allies) Colonies Great Britain Canada, australia, india France Northwest africa, far east Russia Northern europe, wanted balkans The triple alliance (the central powers) Colonies Austria hungary Bosnians, croatians Germany South west africa Italy Libya, albania Imperialism however causes - Bitter resentment between countries - Instability in europe - Threats and rivalry #3 Nationalism Intense pride of one’s nation/culture. Nationalism can form racism as European countries began to believe that they were not only superior to other countries, other countries were inferior to them. What gavrilo princip and the serbian terrorist group wanted to achieve when assassinated franz fernidand was unity of all serbs in a country. Nationalism was spread through propaganda, speeches, posters, slogans etc.  Nationalism caused the desire to break away from imperial powers and form smaller countries with only one cultural group. Austria hungary → poland, yugoslavia, austria, and hungary #4 Militarism Means settling disputes between countries through building large armies and navies to intimidate political neighbors. Political leaders believed the only way to prevent war was by preparing for war. If the countries around you believed that a country was powerful, there was no need to have fear of an attack. However, other countries responded by increasing the size of their militaristic force, causing an arms race where all countries increasingly built up their navies and armies. - ex. Britain was concerned about Germany's naval growth as they had the two power standard policy. This meant Britain's navy had to be twice the size of the second and third largest navies in the world. MAP OF EUROPE USE THIS LINK TO PRACTICE ○ https://www.geoguessr.com/vgp/3480 THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN - The German plan to win the war and invade belgium. As early as 1890, German High Command had thought about what Germany would do if she was at war with France or germany. German general Alfred von Schlieffen worked on this problem and devised the Schlieffen Plan. The plan called for a swift and decisive attack on france that would not offensively take more than 6 weeks. Designed to prevent war on both Western and Eastern fronts by quickly decimating the main Western threat, France. Once France had fallen, they would focus on russia. Russia’s troops were not well trained nor disciplined. Sheliffen calculated that it would take Russia weeks or months to months to mobilize. Russia had to cover great distances on poor roads and railways. Plan: ○ German troops make wide sweep through Belgium fanning out as they entered France ○ Paris would be swept behind in a great arc by majority of German troops, coming behind French armies, as Schlieffen calculated it would be close to the French- German border.  ○ Gives Germany victory and an upper hand over triple entente. The risk was that it could cause a violation of belgium neutrality, belgium's neutrality refers to its historical policy of remaining impartial and uninvolved in conflicts between other nations. The actual result of this plan → TRENCH WARFARE because - Belgians fought back which flowed germans down by a couple of days - The French army defeated the Germans at the battle of Marne along the Marne river. The success of the Franco–British counteroffensive left the German 1st and 2nd Armies at risk of encirclement. - The Germans were forced to retreat at the Aisne river → DUG IN AND SHOT IT OUT!! TRENCH WARFARE In 1914 when the war started, German forces swept through belgium and into france and tried to capture paris before the British and russians fully mobilized their armies. The allies had moved faster than the Germans thought and the French and British were about to stop germans. By oct 1914, both sides decided to strengthen and secure their positions digging underground before winter. They created deep trenches that were protected by machine guns and barbed wire. The lines of trenches soon stretched several kilometers from the English Channel to the border of switzerland. The corridor between the enemy trenches was called “NO MANS LAND”. Any soldier who went into this area was an easy target for the enemy. Those who died in no man's land could not be retrieved as it was unsafe to bring their bodies back. The wounded were also left to die. Soldiers in trenches were helpless as they heard their comrades dying cries of agony. In the wet weather, trenches became slippery and waterlogged and troops often stood in water up to their knees. The soldiers slept when they could, often standing up or leaning against sandbags. They would also crawl into the crude underground dugouts carved in the walls of the trenches. Soldiers characterized their Trench existence: “Millions of men were trapped in a desolate strip of territory, living & dying in the wilderness of the trenches, dugouts, craters, shattered villages, and forests of lifeless tree-stumps, a desert in the midst of civilization, that became more featureless with each passing day…all agreed that they lived on the threshold of hell”. Because soldiers were constantly cold, wet, and dirty, sickness and diseases spread rapidly. The most common illnesses were trench foot and trench mouth. ○ Trench Foot→ Caused by standing in the water for too long, resulting in flesh rotting on the bottom of the foot and in between the toes ○ Trench Mouth→ Painful gum infections  ○ Lice→ Lice was filled in the dirty uniforms, causing itchiness and lice fever ○ Rats→ Rats as big as cats would be scurrying around the trenches. They fed on garbage and dead bodies of soldiers Nighttime was the worst, when raiding parties would cross no man's land. Everyone was tense and watchful of enemy attack. CANADA AT WAR In 1914, Canadians (French and English) were willing to support the war effort and set sail for England once they had some training Thousands of young men flooded in the recruitment stations Robert Borden, Canada’s Prime Minister at the time, knew that Canada was not prepared to fight in the war so he appointed Sam Hughes to be his minister of the Militia. Hughes gave orders to establish, organize and train the Canadian army to support British forces. He also knew he needed to recruit as many soldiers as possible By October 1914 the first Canadian troops sailed for Britain Around this time the War Measures Act was passed in Canada. ○ The law was meant to protect the nation from threats of war for the welfare of Canada. It allowed the government To: Censor and suppress publications (writing, maps, plans, etc.) Arrest, detain, exclude, and deport persons Control harbours, ports, and territorial waters of Canada and the movement of vessels Control the transport of persons and things by land, air, or water Control trade, production, and manufacturing The government made plans to support the families of soldiers since they were the sole breadwinners for their wives and children Appropriate and dispose of property and the use of thereof. - The government also made plans to support the families of soldiers since many recruits were the sole breadwinners for their wives and children. Wartime Prejudice ○ Many Canadians become suspicious and fearful of enemy aliens. ○ They were the people who had immigrated to Canada from enemy countries. ○ Some newspapers had stories demanding that the immigrants should b arrested and deported ○ As a result of all the criticism, the government ordered that all enemy “aliens” (brother js say immigrants) to turn in any weapons they possessed and to register with the police. ○ By October 1914, the government issued orders to intern 2009 Germans along with 5954 Ukrainians. RESIGNATION OF SAM HUGHES As a result of 10 howls of protest from Quebec, the Prime Minister of Canada, dismissed Hughes. Hughes has done more for the war effort than any other Canadian as he recruited thousands of volunteers and raised thousands of dollars Canada entered the war with only 3000 men but by the end of 1915, Highes managed to put more than 100,000 on the battlefield He also persuaded reluctant industrialists to invest heavily in the production of necessary war materials. SHELL SHOCK, A MENTAL DISORDER, AND OTHER CONDITIONS OF WAR Shell shock→ old term for PTSD, first originating after WW1 ○ Epidemic for soldiers battling in Eastern and Western front ○ Disorder was unfamiliar, soldiers misdiagnosed as “cowards who simply ought to put themselves together & act like men”. They lacked the courage to be a ○ Only physically wounded men were considered war heroes. ○ In 1914 Military hospitals were unable to help these men, but they were needed 🥳 on the front line. So, the first war hospital for Shell Shock victims opened by December 1914. 😉 ○ One big factor inducing Shell Shock was the trench conditions (More in depth in the Trench Warfare section to have it all together ) ○ Environment affected the sanity of the soldiers because their surroundings caused hopelessness. No hope caused soldiers to be unable to cope with their surroundings. Other conditions of war ○ Soldiers would put their hands up to take a bullet in the hand so they didn’t have to fight. ○ Generals began to catch on and eliminated this rule ○ If you attempted to run away, generals would make your friends shoot you AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION Reached dramatic heights in WW1. Important for the war effort was the production of munitions (military weapons) Plants manufacturing airplanes, shells, and ships sprang up across the country. By 1918, 300,000 men and women THE ROLE OF WOMEN ○ In 1914, some women worked outside of the home, but their jobs had been low paying ○ When men signed up, women stepped up to run their family farms and businesses. ○ Women stepped up to make the supplies, ships, tanks, bombs, guns & ammunition for CAD forces. ○ Trained nurses also went overseas to help ○ Labor unions first resisted bc they wanted to save the jobs for the men, many women doing jobs for men for fraction of the pay ○ Most employers did barely anything for female employees & working conditions were dangerous. (i.e munition factories material fumes could damage workers lungs, turn their skin yellow or blow them up). ○ Women’s jobs were expected to be temporary, but many women were no longer satisfied with their traditional roles. ○ Women were not allowed to vote in provincial and Federal elections in 1914, fought by women since the 1870s. ○ When women stepped up for their rights, they did that in WW1. At the beginning of the 20th century, women in countries organized themselves to gain votes for them to vote. ○ Members of that movement were called suffragettes in Britain and suffragists in Canada. ○ PM Robert Borden changed this in the 1917 election when he allowed women to vote because he knew it was more likely that they would vote for conscription because they were the ones with loved ones overseas. More men= less chance their loved ones would be hurt. CONSCRIPTION: THE MILITARY BILL - When the war began, most of Canada was very enthusiastic about being part of the British war. Many Canadians volunteered for service, especially the British immigrants. - The country became a lot more patriotic and volunteers would march down to enlist behind brass bands. Men in civilian clothing were often given white feathers of cowardice by young girls on the street. - However, by the end of 1916, as the war became longer and the death toll mounted, less people began to volunteer. - Robert Borden, the 1917 prime minister, attended the Imperial Conference in England to visit soldiers. There was where he learnt of the destructiveness of German submarines and the mounting Western Front casualties. British military officials begged for more soldiers. - Borden returned home and asked Parliament to pass a conscription bill.  - Even the mention of this brought in protests, especially from French Canada. This was already controversial because English Canada thought the low volunteer numbers were because of the French, who felt no ties to Britain or France. - Conscription was definitely a dangerous idea that could divide the English and the French of Canada, but Borden had no choice. The Military Services Bill was passed in 1917. - Conscription: Compulsory enlistment in the armed forces for all able-bodied men (between 20-45) in Canada. - Some people were exempted: Men in vital wartime production jobs, the sick, and conscientious objectors. Conscientious objectors are people who cannot fight because war goes against their moral/religious beliefs. - Borden also passed the Military Voters Act, which provided for the taking of soldiers’ votes overseas. He also passed the Wartime Elections Act, which gave the vote to the female relatives of soldiers. It also took away the right to vote from immigtants who had become Canadian immigrants since1902, many of which had fled Europe to escape military service in the first place. - Borden was intelligent, and he knew that these bills both strengthened his position on conscription and gave people who would want conscription the vote- it was a conscription election. The men overseas and their relatives could be trusted to vote for more supportive troops, while the immigrants would vote against conscription. Unsurprisingly, Borden won the election. - Conscription began in 1918, and thousands claimed exemption. By the time the war had ended, only 45000 conscripts had reached the battlefield. THE WAR ON THE HOMEFRONT - By Sept 1914, 30000 men had enlisted and were shipped off to England at the end of the month. - Industries: Factories produced military hardware, lots of industrial growth, and the government borrowed money to pay for war expenses. - Agriculture: Increased wheat production, 1930’s soil deterioration - Women: Took over jobs, went to war as nurses, suffrage movement grew (right to vote) - Paying for the war: Government sold Victory Bonds, new temporary income tax act 1917 - Conscription - ⅙ of Canadian Men served in war (very high) - 1913, regulation 17 limited use of French in schools - 1916, Prairie provinces rejected French language rights - 1917, high casualties of 120k, drop in enlistment to 64k - Borden sees the need for conscription and it becomes a national issue. He enlists female relatives of soldiers as votes, French Canadians vote against him. Union government with Pro-Liberals. - 1918, Conscripts called up, 45k reach battlefield by Nov 1919 - This war was a total war, which involved civilians almost as much as soldiers.  - There was a feeling that no sacrifice was too much to help ensure victory. People planted gardens to produce maximum food to feed forces as well as civilian populations. At home people wasted nothing and tried to minimize using essential resources. - All the packaged preserved things would be for soldiers so people at home had to plant and form. - People completely changed their lifestyles to contribute to the war effort, and many fundraisers were held. - In 1918, the war cost Canada 1mil a day. Workers bought Victory Bonds, and private companies loaned over 1bil. - Canada introduced the idea of an income tax, a temporary measure. KEY TERM TO KNOW - TAX EVASION = When an individual or business falsifies records and claims, hides income or inflates expenses in order to intentionally avoid complying with Canada's tax laws Battles - Ypres, The Somme, Vimy Ridge, Passchendaele 🤷 (Watch the videos for additional information if you want, but I put what I deemed important in the sections so up to you ) ○ Ypres 💣 Began April 22, 1915. Canadians were there to backup the French Germans took advantage of a favourable wind and released chlorine gas into the French trenches. If inhaled, Chlorine Gas burns the eyes and lungs, resulting in death by suffocation. French trenches were now mostly vacated of life Germans advanced but CADs quickly rushed to French trenches to create a new defense line. Hit hardest in Kitcheners wood, 16 & 10 battalions made a full bayonet charge across 200 m of land, CAD held with ⅔ of 1800 people being killed or wounded First time either side in the war used poison gas in the battle. Poison gas had been outlawed April 24, Germans released another wave of Chlorine gas against the CADs. CAD had no gas masks at first, but used urine soaked strips of cotton tied over their mouths and noses as a filter. CADs were eventually forced back More than 6,000 casualties were had, but CAD proved they could hold their own (What was memorable about this battle) A week later, Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae wrote in Flanders fields  ○ The Somme 🚓 Battle Of The Somme July 1, 1916 is when battle started, British commander General Douglas Haig believed Allies could break through German lines at a location on the Somme River. This would stop German troops from bombarding French near Verdun. Two weeks, Allied artillery bombarded German line along 45 km front, but the tactic failed. September 15, 1916 is when 2 CAD infantry division launched successful attacks toward the small French hamlet of Courcelette. First day there was over 60 000 British casualties, worst day in British army history One of biggest battles of the war, lasting 5+ months, costing the allies over 600 000 casualties By September 26 CADS successfully launched a succession of attacks against German trench systems just along the Courcelette. Gained possession of only first three main trenches. Main objective→ defence system known as simply as Regina Trench - remained in German possession, German trench was almost impossible to take b/c of massive barbed wire entanglements Fighting left first three CAD divisions exhausted, they were withdrawn and replaced with British troops and new CAD fourth division Blistering Ally artillery barrages eventually pounded Regina Trench, into a smudge on the landscape before it was finally captured Both sides exhausted at the end.Ended November 1916 Allies suffered 650 000 casualties. Battle only shifted front lines 8 KM at a cost of 1 million+ casualties, including 24 000 dead and wounded CADS. Toll of the battle remains controversial. First time tanks were used in battle. Tanks bogged down in the mud & were ineffective, but would soon change the face of war fare Vimy Ridge 🥇 Vimy Ridge ○ Early 1917, French & British forces tried to take Vimy Ridge held by Germans in France, but failed. ○ Land height= key vantage point, and CADs were asked to fight for it ○ First time CADs four divisions were assembled to fight under a single unit; under CAD commander, Major- General Arthur Currie ○ The Somme slaughter had taught Allied commanders important lessons so they began to change tactics. ○ Creeping Barrage→ Behind the front line, artillery would start bombarding no man's land & gradually advance to the German trenches. Infantry would follow  forward as close as possible to enemies before attacking. ○ Soldiers were shown aerial pics & locations of German positions. Tunnels built so troops could move part of the way forward under cover. CADS had to reach specific points at certain times to not be caught in their fire, as machine guns were being moved forward to hold captured positions ○ For two weeks, artillery pummelled German lines. ○ Attack started at 5:30 am on April 9, 1917, Easter Monday. First wave of 20 000 CADS followed the carefully crafted plan. Next day CAD won the ridge, which gave the Allies hope ○ Most important victory of the time for Westen Front. 4000 German prisoners taken but cost 3600 CAD lives. Turning point in Canada’s nation History, & gave CADS new national pride. Fought in tremendous sleet. ○ After the battle, CAD was posted in Paris newspaper, & after war, Vimy Ridge was a gift to CAD from France as a memorial park, where 11 285 CAD soldiers' names are written, who died in France but bodies never found. ○ Passchendaele ⛈️: Passchendaele ○ This battle was part of the third battle of Ypres, which was a larger battle. ○ Haig ordered Curie & CADS to take Passchendaele, Curie feared big losses & planned carefully, planning to reuse the creeping barrage tactic. ○ Oct 26, artillery barrages could be heard in London, England 150 KMs away. ○ CADS attacked behind the barrage but were slowed as they were mostly fighting in a sea of mud, with difficult footing, no cover & non-stop rain. ○ First time Germans used mustard gas, which is poisonous to breathe and caused severe burns on the skin ○ Attack continued for 15 days, & on Nov 10, the Passchendaele ridge was captured, with 15 654 casualties, 700 dead CADS & 1500 wounded ○ Despite this victory, Germany won back the territory, resulting in this battle being  a waste. ○ This battle was thought by all to be a huge waste, even British politicians. ○ Only upside is that some of the generals who ordered this attack were replaced. THE STRATEGY OF TRENCH WARFARE 1. Shell enemy trenches (blow holes in barbed wire and weaken general defense) 2. Advance across no mans land (full fighting of spirit) 3. Enter enemy trenches (engage in combat with those who are left and secure your position) The reality: 1. Shell enemy trenches (enemy defenses rarely weakened by artillery) 2. Advance across no mans land (enemy can already prepare, no man's land has no protection) 3. Enter enemy trenches (rarely even made it this far) - The battle of Somme is a good example of the ineffectiveness of this strategy. It is known as a classic battle of war. Why did the slaughter continue? - Generals could not come up with any other plans (tanks and the plan were not initially considered as serious real weapons of war and were not used effectively) - Generals were content to wage a war of attrition (demoralization - wear the enemy down). How many men lost in the war did not matter, only winning. KEY TERM TO KNOW: ATTRITION → the gradual reduce of strength AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR BLOCKADE: an act or means of sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving. Finally, as the last largest neural commercial power in the world, the US soon became caught in the middle of the commercial warfare of the belligerent (aggressive). With the declaration of war, Great Britain and Germany both threw up naval blockades. Great Britain's blockade was designed to cut the central powers off from war material. American commercial vessels bound for Germany were stopped, searched and seized by the British navy. Wilson (US leader) protested british policy many times, but to no effect as giving in as it would have deprived britain from military assets. Germany’s blockade was even more dangerous because the vast majority of american trade was with england and france. Germany’s chief’s method of blocking the allies was the use of submarines. Because of the nature of the submarine being under water, it was  difficult for the submarine to remain effective and adhere to international law, such as the requirement that sufficient warning be given before attacking an emey ship. In 1915, hoping to terorize the british, germany unleashed its submarine into the atlantic with orders to sing all ships flying allied flags. In march, a germany submarine sank the british passenger ship “Falaba”. Then on may 7, 1915, the british liner lusitania was sunk with a loss of more than 1000 lives, 128 canadian. Germany violated the rule and did not give a peorper warning. Germany had published warnings in the American newspaper cautioning Americans not to travel on the lusitania. Lusitnatia had gone down in only eighteen minutes because the British were shipping ammunition in the passenger ship. Most Americans believed that America should still stay out of war and approved Wilson’s statement three days after the attack. Yet a combination of economic interests, German submarine warfare, and other interests gradually pushed US involvement. In February 1917, Germany announced a policy of unrestricted warfare against all ships. Ships would be sunk without warning if Germany didn't make this policy. Later that month, the British interpreted a secret telegram intembed for the German minister to go to mexico. In the telegram, German secretary Arthur Zimmerman offered Mexico a deal. Germany would help Mexico retrieve territory lost to the US in the 1840s if Mexico would make an alliance with Germany and declare war on the US. Knowing the American public opinion, the British handed the telegram over to Wilson. Americans were convinced to enter war when Germany announced unrestricted warfare against Britain and its allies. THE LAST HUNDRED DAYS In the spring og 1918, germany’s leaders releized a crisiss had come. Food supplies running short, bu german submarines attacks on food ships ad failed to force Britain to surrender. Now the US entered the war too. Austria hungary and turking, germany’s attlies, were on the point of collapse. The only hope for germany seemed to be an offensive on the western front before us could arrive in Europe in large numbers. Desperately, they launched a devastating attack along the western front. Thousands of Germans poured into france and were stopped 80 km away from paris. In August 1918, the battle-proven Canadians and allies launched a counter attack. Fresh American troops had arrived and were great encouragement for the allies. Supported by 500 tanks, the allies sept north and east toward Germany, were germans fell down. Eventually france was liberated and then belgium. By november, the allies reached the frontiers of germany and germans surrendered on november 11 1918, remembrance day. WHY DID THE AMERICANS JOIN THE WAR SO LATE? Easy. the Americans were making a large amount of money through war effort. Joining late meant American troops were fresh while the enemy troops were worn out. WHY DID US JOIN THE WAR - German submarine warfare - Telegram from arthur zimmermann PEACE: TREATY OF VERSAILLES Almost five years after the assasiantion of Archduke, government leaders met near Paris to sign the peace treaty. 32 victorious countries were represented, including Canada. Canada was not happy just to be part of the British delegation. Borden demanded that Canada be represented as a separate nation at a meeting for officially signing the treaty, Canada deserved a voice in peace talks because of its strong support in war effort. The main desions were made by the leaders of the big three; France, Britain and the US. Germany of course was not invited in these meetings. US’ Woodrow Wilson - American president was determined to make a settlement that would seal forever peace. - He said that defeated countries were to be treated justly so they do not take revenege in the future. - Wilson created the fourteen points, that included the siarment and free trade for nations. - He suggested the LEAQUE OF NATIONS → an organization promoting international cooperation. FRANCES’ Georges Clemnceau - Wanted to avoid another ear, by was determined that GERMANY??? Should pay for staying the war and for all the damage done. - Twice in his lfietime, he had seem german invade france so he wanted to assure germany was weak and would never attack france again. - Harshest one, representing damage done to French land/people + threatening proximity - Wanted revenge and to punish Germany - He wanted to return Alcese Loraine to France, an independent Rhineland - No League of Nations - Huge reparations paid by Germany - Disbandment of the German army so they could never attack France again. - He had already seen Germany invade twice BRITISH’s Llyod George - His country lost a lot of citizens. But he was concerned the harsh treaty might cause bitterness and lead Germany to seek revenge in the future. - In between, reflecting high loss of life in Britain but low loss of land - Tough enough to please vengeful people, but leaves Germany strong enough to trade - Wanted to safeguard land and naval supremacy.  - Helped work out many compromises Notable Terms of the Treaty Military Terms Economic Terms Article 42: Germany is forbidden to build Article 45: To pay for destruction of fortifications on most of the bank of the Rhine French coal mines, Germany turns Article 180: After Mar 31, 1920, the German army over Saar Basin coal mines to France max was 100k soldiers. They are used to maintain for 15 yrs. order and control borders. Article 232: The Allied governments Article 181: German naval forces cannot exceed 6 require Germany to pay for all wartime battleships, 6 light cruisers, 12 destroyers, 12 civilian/property damages (reparations) torpedo boats, and no submarines. Article 233: The amount of these Article 198: No military air forces damages would be decided by an Allied commission. Land Terms Guilt Term Article 51: Territories of Alsace and Lorainne Article 231: Germany must accept the (French until 1871) are returned responsibility for causing all the loss Article 80: Accept independence of Austria and damage that the Allied citizens had Article 81: Accept independence of Czechoslovakia suffered (known as War Guilt Clause). Article 87: Accept independence of Poland Article 89: Poland will allow passing between East Prussia and Germany over Poland. Article 118: Must give up all rights and titles to its overseas possessions to France/Britain Article 428: A guarantee was needed Germany would follow these terms. Germany west of the Rhine will be occupied by Allies for 15 years. Result - Germany accepted the responsibiiy for causinf loss and damafe for all citizens and the allies. - Created four independent nations out of the old austro-hungarian empire → czechoslovakia, poland, hungary, yugoslavia, and austria. - 100% germany’s fault according to this treaty. - Clemenceau got his way as the treaty was made to make germany as weak as possible. The Treaty of Versailles - Fair or unfair - WW1 officially ended June 28,1919, when the treaty of Versailles was signed. - 32 victorious countries came together in Jan 1919 to hold a conference and make peace. - Canada was supposed to be part of the British delegation, but Borden argued  that they had been invaluable in the war - Dominated by British George, French Clemenceau, and American Wilson. - Germany was not invited. - The big three disagreed, and had to negotiate. - When the treaty was done, Germany was shown the documents but their negotiations were ignored. The treaty was signed in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles, forcing the German representatives to agree. GERMANY CLOSE BOOK ON WW1 Germany made its last reparations for WW1 on Oct 3 2010, settling its debt from the Versailles Treaty. In 1953, West Germany agreed at an international conference in London to service its international bond obligations to wait until west and east germany unified. Hitler’s rise to power had its roots in Germany's deep sense of injustice at the 1919 treaty that gave the responsibility solely to germany. Physical and Financial Costs Physical Costs: ○ Approximately 65,000,000 men were mobilized in the war and about 9,00,000 (1 in seven) died in action or because of wounds ○ About 22,000,000 men (1 in 3) were disabled and 7,000,000 were permanently disabled ○ Over 5,000,000 men were reported missing ○ Over 6,600,000 civilians died ○ Approximately 7,750,000 prisoners went missing Financial Costs: ○ The total real economic cost is nearly $400,000,000,000. This amount would be able to: Provide every family in England, Ireland, Scotland, Belgium, Germany, Canada, and Australia with a $2,500 house on a $500 five-are lot and furnish it with $1,000 worth of furniture; Provide a $5,000,000 library and a $10,000,000 university for every community in those countries possessing a population of 20,000 or over; create a fund which, at five per cent interest, would yield enough to pay $1,000 a year to 125,000 teachers and 125,000 nurses; leave a surplus enough to purchase every piece of property and all the wealth of both France and England Are the costs of the war justified?  No, the costs of WW1 are absolutely not justified. The war lead to significant political changes but also created more unreleased issues that ultimately lead to the start of WW2 The war was not “The war to end all wars” and didn’t achieve any lasting peace of sorts. There were millions of deaths both in civilians and in the military Countries faced enormous debts after the war and the financial debts burdened post-war recovery and contributed to the Great Depression The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh penalties on Germany which caused bitterness and led Germany to seek revenge. It created resentment and instability that contributed to the rise of extremist movements (*ahem* hitler to blame?) and World War 2 Many countries remained dissatisfied with their borders and this led to conflicts and tensions in the future (especially in Europe) THE SPANISH FLU - Influenza (flu) is one of the greatest killers in history, but it was most lethal in the Spanish Flu of fall 1918. - At least 21 million people died from the flu, more than even WW1 (Recent death tolls account for lack of reports in countries like India, and raises it to around 50 million). - This virus was spread by soldiers returning home from the war. - 50k Canadians died, some smaller Upper Western villages being wiped out. - 675k Americans died. - Back then, the flu was a serial killer and seen as a curse. It struck inexplicably, killing seemingly healthy people in their sleep. - This flu targeted healthy adults between 20-40. - The 1918 strain caused a particularly aggressive immune response called a ‘cytokine storm’, which is the rapid release of immune cells and inflammatory molecules. Although a strong immune response should help against illness, the body overreacts, leading to lots of inflammation and a collection of lung fluid, increasing other infections. This could explain why young, healthy adults were the most affected. - Health care was already overtaxed by the war, and many medical staff were overseas. Many volunteers tried to help but got sick themselves. - Masks covered the streets. It was a crime to shake hands or gather with more than six people. - Public areas were closed and railways needed health certification. - Closed communities, like army camps and prisons, were the most vulnerable. This also caused an increased poor death rate, as they were more crowded together. - Back then, this virus would take up to a year to spread, but the war sped it along. It originated in China, but was first officially noted in Spain in May 1918, killing 8mil. This is why it was called spanish flu.  - Appeared in the trenches in April 1918, but was assumed as a condition of trench warfare. - Tracked along international shipping lanes to every continent except Antarctica. - The flu was low in America because it was less dense. - It attacked young people because coincidentally, their bodies were quick and strong to fight back and this would wear them down. HALIFAX EXPLOSION - Important shipping and naval port which experienced lots of civilian/military traffic - Halifax Harbour itself is very narrow, which complicates shipping - The Imo was carrying grain to starving people in Belgium. - The Imo broke the rules of navigation to try to avoid another collision and technically did not have right of way. - The Mont Blanc was carrying explosives to France- it contained gun cotton, picric acid, and TNT - Both captains originally cut their engines, but they had no options as momentum carried it forward. - The Mont Blanc was not carrying an explosives warning flag, so no one knew. - The Mont Blanc was quickly set on fire on collision, and crew members abandoned ship. They try to warn others, but the French speaking sailors cannot warn the gathering crowd. - On the morning of Dec 6 1917 the Imo and the Mont Blanc collided. - This set off the equivalent of 2.9 kilotons of TNT- the largest non-nuclear man-made explosion in the world. - All buildings in the 800m radius are blown up. - 2000 people were killed and over 9000 were injured. - The world wasn’t fought in Canada, but this explosion brought home the horrors of war to many Canadians. The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, they joined WW1 because of german attack on russia.