World History Semester Study Guide PDF

[World History Semester Study Guide] [Chapter 1: The Beginnings] Culture: beliefs, knowledge, & patterns of living that a group develops [Civilization: ] - Complex culture produces a surplus of food System of: - Government - Towns - People perform different jobs Division of labor: s...

[World History Semester Study Guide] [Chapter 1: The Beginnings] Culture: beliefs, knowledge, & patterns of living that a group develops [Civilization: ] - Complex culture produces a surplus of food System of: - Government - Towns - People perform different jobs Division of labor: specializing in special types of work Hunter Gathers: moved place place following wild animals Culture Division: spread of culture from one place to another River Valley Civilizations: - Four earliest civilizations: - Mesopotamia - Egypt - Indues River Valley - China [Chapter 2: Egyptian Civilization] Egyptian Civilization: began on the NILE RIVER Pharoah: MEANS -- "Great House" Hieroglyphics: Ancient Egyptian writing Sargon I: 1^st^ to Unite Mesopotamia Sumerian Civilization: began on the Tigris/Euphrates River Polytheism: belief in MANY gods Monotheism: belief in 1 (ONE) god [Chapter 3: India] India's Civilization began on the Indus River Two leading cities of the Indus Valley: Harappa/Mohenjo-Daro Caste System: complex form of social organization Hinduism: the religion of India Buddhism: to end the suffering of follow the fold PATH Siddhartha Gautama: Founder of Buddhism Nirvana: - Oneness with the universe - Highest achievement in Buddhism - Shi Huang Di 1^st,^ emperor of China during this dynasty - He wanted to live forever had men build his tomb/statues to protect him in the afterlife +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | [Legalism:] | [Confucian:] | | | | | - Strict laws/punishment | - Government sets examples for | | | people | | - Believes people are bad [ | | | ] | - Believes people are good | | | | | | \*\* focuses on moral | | | values/respect | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Han dynasty: developed SILK ROAD [Great Wall of China: ] - built to protect China from invasions \*\*Long, massive wall [Civil Service: ] - form of government - you must take a test to be in Civil service - Runs business of government - Trading route from China Mediterranean - Traded silk from China Chapters 5 & 6: Greece [Minoan Civilization] - 1^st^ Civilization in Greece - Location: on the island of Crete [Olympic Games:] - Dedicated to Zeus - Held every 4 years - No team sports (individual) - ALL MEN NO WOMEN - Socrates - Plato - Aristotle - method created by Socrates - through teaching/learning asking questions/answering - He named himself dictator for life - His friends killed him friends jealous of how much power he had - The original name Octavian was renamed Augustus after becoming 1^st^ emperor of Rome. [Pax Romana:] - Means: Roman Peace - Lasted 200 years - Period of peace, stability, & property - Government Corruption - Barbarians: Huns, invasions, Visigoths - High taxes - Political Division - Christianity Expands - Nobles: wealthy landowners - Clergy: priests - Peasant/Serfs: common people - Military service exchange land/protection [Manor: ] - Self-efficient made/produced around there - Plague caused by fleas on rats - Plague killed 1/3 of Europe The new middle class: - Includes bankers/merchants - Formally peasants - Got off the land due to the plague [Chapter 10 -- Byzantine Empire & Russia] [Vladimir:] \*\*Wanted to find religion for his kingdom - Chose Eastern Orthodox Christianity as a religion - Got the name from marrying daughters off to Germanic princes to establish trading relationships - Becomes Moscow after Constantinople - Ivan, the GREAT fot name for defeating Mongols - Took over Russia for over 240 YEARS - Let Russians keep their culture/beliefs BUT pay taxes - Founder of Islam - Followers called MUSLIMS - Turn people away from idolatry 5. [Pillars of Islam:] 1. [1 God "Allah" & Muhammed is the prophet] 2. [Pray 5x a day facing MECA] 3. [Fast month RAMADAN] 4. [Give to the poor -- ALMSGIVING] 5. [Make a hajj (pilgrimage) one per lifetime] - Allah means God Martin Luther: He Began the Protestant Reformation, and his religion was Lutheran he nailed the 95 Theses to church doors and criticized indulgences of catholic churches