World History Study Guide PDF

World History Study Guide Prehistory: Prehistory is the period of time before written evidence. It was the early humans and they’re nomadic tribes, back when life was about surviving by hunting, gathering and overall staying alive. OPCVL: Origin Purpose Content Value Limitation Early Civilizations...

World History Study Guide Prehistory: Prehistory is the period of time before written evidence. It was the early humans and they’re nomadic tribes, back when life was about surviving by hunting, gathering and overall staying alive. OPCVL: Origin Purpose Content Value Limitation Early Civilizations (Writing, stories/myths, way of life, events, ending events and other history): Mesopotamia 3100 BC - 539 AC: Mesopotamia was one of the first sedimentary civilizations to exist. Located in old Syria, Kuwait, Iran, and Iraq, Mesopotamia (means “between rivers”) was an advanced civilization for its time. Their way of life, social classes and religion. There were 6 total social classes, the lowest one being slaves and the highest one being the priests and king. They had temples called ziggurats. These would also work as administrative and religious buildings built from adobe bricks. Writing: Cuneiform (used for economic and political purposes as well as for myths. Written on steles (stone tablets) Hammurabi’s Code: One of the first writings in history. It was the laws of Mesopotamia during Hammurabi’s rule, the famous “eye for an eye” Myths: “The Epic of Gilgamesh” - a story taking place in Sumeria (Uruk). Gilgamish was the king of Uruk. Many stories later on gained inspiration from this myth; Hercules, Homeric Epics, and other works of popular fiction. Assyrians: The Assyrians were a group of people in Mesopotamia who eventually grew to be an empire. This helped share Mesopotamia’s culture (cuneiform, religion, myths) with other places around the world. Mesopotamia fell due to many different factors. Some of these were internal instability (probably caused by the expansion of the Assyrian Empire) in which multiple city-states within Mesopotamia started attacking each other. Outer threats also played a big role in its collapse. Different civilizations, empires, and conquerors were on Mesopotamia’s toes toward the end. Indus River Valley ~3000 BC - 1700 BC: The Indus River Valley civilization was among the first civilizations. They were located in modern India, their two main cities being called Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Their way of life, social classes and religion. These, however, were brought by the Aryans. The Aryans developed a caste system, which was like a social hierarchy. At the bottom of the pyramid you had the “untouchables” and at the top the Brahmins (priests and academics). The 5 statuses were: Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Sudra, Dalits/Parias (Untouchables).They were polytheistic before the Aryans brought Buddhism and were advanced because they had sewage systems and brick homes (some 3 floored). Writing: We don’t know much about their writing since very few remain (they would usually write on palm leaves and cloth). Yet, we know it wasn’t cuneiform but a whole new system of writing (which hasn’t been deciphered yet). However, during their invasions, the Aryans brought Sanskrit to the Indus River Valley. Hindi is derived from Sanskrit. Siddhartha Gautama: Hindu prince who became known as “buddha”. Ancient China 1500 BC - 589 AD, Qin Dynasty: Ancient China had many dynasties, the most famous being the Qin Shi Huang Dynasty. Qin was the first emperor to unite all 7 states; 230 BC Han, 229BC Zhao, 226BC Yan, 225 BC Wei, 223BC Chu, 222BC Dai + Yan + rest of Chu, 221BC Chi. He became the first emperor. Writing: Ideographic writing,1200 BC, they would write on oracle bones, turtle shells, cracks (bones) considered fortunes,and eventually of bronze and paper. Way of life: The Chinese called themselves the “Middle Kingdom” since they believed they were the center of the world. The most important virtue is respect towards one’s parents. They worshipped their ancestors (they were scared of Qin’s ghost). China was a feudalism; Events: Great Wall of China: started by Qin and continued by Ming. The Silk Road: Trade along the Silk Road went from China to Greece and Rome. Camel caravans took jade, silk, and paper and would return with gold, silver, wool, glass, cucumbers, and figs. Other data: Qin is famous for creating an army of hundreds of terracotta soldiers to “help him take over the afterlife”. Ha also took ‘meds’ to avoid dying until his advisor told him to drink mercury. End: The Qin Dynasty likely ended due to issues after Qin’s death Minoa (Greece) 3000 BC - 1600 BC: Minoa Greece was one of the two parts of Greek civilization. They were in the “Bronze Age” (3300 BC - 1200 BC) and located on the Island of Crete. They were the first civilization in Europe and created monumental architecture and energetic art. Writing: Their writing was called Linear A Way of life: Government was a thalassocracy (state power derives from naval supremacy). Myths: The Minotaur: One of the most popular Greek myths, Theseus entered the labyrinth to slay the minotaur, he came out successfully(he wasn’t supposed to, it was deemed impossible). Knossos Palace: The main palace on Crete, said to be where the labyrinth was. Temple to Poseidon at Cape Sounion: Temple dedicated to Poseidon, god of the sea, Daedalus and Icarus: Icarus es the son of Daedalus, they made wings out of beeswax and feathers to escape their captors. When free, Icarus got excited and flew too close to the sun despite his father’s warnings. The beeswax melted and Icarus fell to his death. Death of Hippolytus: Son of Thesseus, accused of harassing his stepmother and got exiled. Poseidon sent a bull from the sea to scare him, the horses from Hippolythus’s carriage got spooked and the chariot crashed. Events: not any on notes PAULINA OLIVAR (Student) ? Other data: The Labbros (double axe), an ancient weapon. End: Thera (Santorini), erupts in 1600 BC, one of the world’s biggest eruptions. Thera caused earthquakes and tsunamis Mycenae (Greece) 1600 BC - 1200 BC: Mycenea Greece was what came after Minoa. It was the end of the “Bronze Age” (3300 BC - 1200 BC) and located on the mainland of Greece. They were the first civilization we know about that inhabited the mainland. Writing: Their writing was called Linear A Way of life: They didn’t worship gods, believed more in people/heroes; Achilles, Nestor, Patroculus, etc.The Government was an Aristocracy (government of virtuous). They valued precious materials, had slaves and often had protective walls 8+ meters high around cities. Myths: The Battle of Troy/Trojan Horse: To sneak into Troy, the Greeks constructed a huge trojan horse and hid their army inside of it. They managed to infiltrate the city by claiming it was a gift from Greece. Once inside they sprung into action and won the war. Events: not any on notes PAULINA OLIVAR (Student) ? Other data: n/a End: The Dorians invaded Greece 1200 BC, this caused the end of Mycenaean Greece and the start of the Greek Dark Ages (loss of writing and culture). The language changed a lot and there is little historical evidence from the period.  Ancient Greece (Battles and wars, way of life, city organization, government, other history): End of the Dark Ages: Great Migration, A new identity: Writing comes back, peoples move back to cities (polis), a new government/culture and myths are formed. Ceremonial center in Delphi: Fortune telling. Panhellenic Games: - Olympic (776 BC) - Python - Nemean - Isthmian 1200 - 750 BCE Dark Age 750 - 480 BCE Archaic Period 480 - 336 BCE Classic Period 336 - 31 BCE Hellenistic A polis is a city that contains protective walls, an acropolis, a temple for protecting divinity, an agora and a gymnasium. Acropolis - Like a castle but it has an agora, temples, and religious stuff, it’s used for protection, and entertainment, and in general it’s the city center. Elevated fortress surrounded by walls. Used to keep treasures Agora- Open space used for trading and bartering The 2 biggest cities were Spartas and Athens. Sparta was more war based while Athens was more government and city based. Name of system Who rules How many rule When in Greek History Monarchy King 1 (or two) Mycenae 2000 BC Direct Democracy Citizens Group of citizens Athen 500 BC Oligarchy Small group of citizens Small group Sparta 500 BC Aristocracy Nobility A few/ small group In Athens before 594 BCE **Most Greek colonies were situated close to large bodies of water (the ocean) Battles/Wars: Greco-Persian War: The Persian empire came to the Greek-inhabited region of Ionia and other city-states, placing tyrants on the city-states. Aristagoras failed as a tyrant so he got exiled by the Persians and he went to the Greek city-states to get revenge and have them fight back. Battle of Thermopylae: During the second Persian invasion of Greece (480BC) it was one of the most prominent and famous military engagements of the Greco-Persian Wars. Seeking to halt the Persian army's offensive into Greece, an alliance of Greek city-states was led by Sparta to block off Thermopylae. After three days of fighting, the Spartan king Leonidas I was killed, and the rest of the Greeks were outflanked and annihilated. The Persians defeated the Psartans, which let them torch an evacuated Athens and overrun most of Greece. However, while seeking to destroy the combined Greek fleet, the Persians suffered a severe defeat at the Battle of Salamis. Battle of Marathon It was a pivotal conflict during the Greco-Persian Wars where the Athenians, despite being outnumbered, defeated the Persian army, marking a significant victory for Greek city-states against Persia. What was art like during the Golden Age? Give an example: It was idealistic, they would do sculptures of the ideal body or visualization of a person. For example Discobolus. Peloponnesian War 40 years of war Athens and its allies (the Delian League) and Sparta with its allies (the Peloponnesian League), driven by power struggles, differing ideologies, and rivalries for dominance in ancient Greece. Spartan Victory: Athens surrendered in 404 BCE, its walls were torn down, and its empire collapsed. Greek Decline: The war weakened all Greek city-states, making them vulnerable to outside forces like Macedonia, which rose under Philip II and Alexander the Great. Who was Alexander the Great? He was the son of Phillip Macedon who had previously invaded Greece. He fights the Persians and defeats their king. What were some regions that Alexander the Great conquered? Greece conquered the Achaemenid Empire, and was father enough that he went into modern-day Pakistan. What happened to his empire after he died? The empire gets divided and they return to monarchies How did it end? Conquest by Rome (2nd Century BCE): Rome gradually absorbed Greek territories: ○ Macedonian Wars (215–148 BCE): Rome defeated the Macedonian kingdom. ○ Battle of Corinth (146 BCE): Rome destroyed Corinth and made Greece a Roman province called Achaea. Greek city-states like Athens lost independence, becoming part of the vast Roman Empire. Ancient Rome (Kingdom, Republic, Empire/ Battles, way of life,etc): #1 The kingdom: It was the earliest period of Roman history ruled by kings. Romulus (el que mato a su bro) was the first king for the roman people but later on came more kings. There is not a lot of data on this period because it was so long ago. But this period came to an end with king Lucius Tarquinis Superbus, he was the final king for this kingdom. #2 The Republic: Then came the republic. There was more of a republic system meaning that there were annual elections but only a few people could actually run to be elected, only the ones with wealth and connections. They were in constant war with their neighbor cities such as the Latin and Etruscan. Their biggest rival (tipo Alexa Tarab) was Carthage, but after Rome defeated them in the Battle of Zama, Rome became the biggest power in the Mediterranean #3 The Empires: They were rulers of most of Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa, this caused big problems since they started to lose control because of how many cities they had. So many invaders were entering the territories and they couldn't fight them all. The Western Empire collapsed in 476 AD and the Eastern until the fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD. BATTLES: Rome had a disciplined and innovative army, with formations like the legion (about 5,000 soldiers). Conquests: Rome expanded through wars like: Latin Wars (498–338 BCE): Fought against neighboring Latin cities, ending with Rome dominating the Latin League. Samnite Wars (343–290 BCE): A series of three wars against the Samnites, a powerful tribe in central Italy. These wars helped Rome conquer much of Italy. Pyrrhic War (280–275 BCE): Rome faced King Pyrrhus of Epirus (in modern Greece), who used war elephants to great effect. Though Pyrrhus won some battles, his heavy losses led to the term “Pyrrhic victory.” Rome eventually dominated southern Italy.  Punic Wars (264–146 BCE): 3 Fought against Carthage; Rome emerged as the dominant Mediterranean power. Civil Wars: Internal conflicts, like Julius Caesar's war against Pompey, reshaped the Republic. ​Marius vs. Sulla (88–82 BCE): Generals Marius and Sulla fought for control of Rome, setting the stage for future civil wars. Caesar’s Civil War (49–45 BCE): Julius Caesar defeated Pompey the Great and became dictator, ending the Republic. Gothic Wars: ○ The Visigoths defeated Rome at the Battle of Adrianople (378 CE) and later sacked Rome in 410 CE. Vandals and Huns: ○ The Vandals sacked Rome in 455 CE, and Attila the Hun invaded Roman territories but stopped short of Rome itself. Strategies: They built roads for rapid troop movement and used advanced siege weapons. They had a very advanced military training and soldiers Ways of life Social Classes: Society was divided into: ○ Patricians: Wealthy elite. ○ Plebeians: Common citizens. ○ Slaves: The lowest class, often captured in wars. Entertainment: Romans loved gladiator games, chariot races, and theater. (They would watcnh the galdiator games and more in the coloseum) Daily Life: Citizens lived in insulae (apartment buildings) or villas (for the rich). Public baths were popular gathering places. City Organization  Urban Planning: Cities were carefully organized with: ○ Forum: The main public square for markets and meetings. ○ Aqueducts: Brought fresh water into cities. ○ Roads: Connected cities across the empire. ○ Amphitheaters: Like the Colosseum, for entertainment. Housing: Wealthy Romans had spacious homes with courtyards, while the poor lived in cramped apartments. Government Republic (509–27 BCE): Power was shared among elected officials: ○ Senate: Made laws, mostly controlled by patricians. ○ Consuls: Two leaders who oversaw the government and military. Empire (27 BCE–476 CE): Power became centralized under emperors, starting with Augustus. Law and Order: Roman laws (e.g., the Twelve Tables) influenced modern legal systems. Religion Polytheism: Romans worshipped many gods, like Jupiter (king of gods), Mars (war), and Venus (love). Rituals: Temples, sacrifices, and festivals were central to religious life. Christianity: Initially persecuted, it became the empire's official religion in 380 CE under Emperor Theodosius. How and why did the Roman civilization meet its end? After splitting the two Roman civilizations, the Western Empire weakened, allowing the Ottomans to raid it and cause its fall. The Eastern side of Rome became the Byzantine Empire, no longer being part of Roman culture. Feudalism and the Middle Ages (Kingdom, Republic, Empire/ Battles, way of life,etc):  The Middle Ages: Called the Middle ages because it fell in between two important periods, Greece & Rome and the Renaissance, this period was also called the Dark Ages since it was believed that Europe was moving backwards from Greece and Rome - Part 1: Feudalism: Feudalism was a legalistic, economic, militaristic and religious way to structure society based on the holding (living in) of land in exchange for service or labor. Instead of cities, there were manors. Each manor had a lord, knights, and serfs and peasants who would work in exchange for protection. Groups of manors would be controlled by a king, who would supervise the lords. - Part 2: Early Christian Leadership: Charlemagne was the King of the Franks and the founder of the Carolingian Empire. He was recognized as a Roman Emperor, the first in three centuries. He managed to unite a lot of Western Europe. After the death of Charlemagne, his grandson divided his empire into 3, Wester, Easter, and Middle Francia. Eastern Francia became the Holy Roman Empire. The East-West Schism: There were two churches, the Patriarch of Constantinople and the Pope. Both want to be the main authority. The patriarch says that the Pope is not “orthodox” to try and gain more likability. In 1054, they officially separated into two different religions; the Roman Catholics and the Eastern Orthodox. Roman Catholics Similarities Eastern Orthodox - The Pope (leader) - Faith comes from - The Patriarch has authority over Jesus and the (leader) and the all bishops. Bible bishop run the - The Pope has - Leaders are priests church as a authority over and bishops. group. kings and - Both want to - The emperor has emperors. convert people to the authority over - Priests may not Christianity. the church marry officials - Latin is used in - Priests can marry services - Local languages  such as Greek and Russian are used in services. How did we get from Rome to Feudalism? After the fall of Rome, since it was such a big empire, many countries were left struggling for power. Eventually, since everyone wanted power, society organized itself into manors, lords had individual power and common people would offer their services in exchange for protection and a place to live. How was feudalism organized? Feudalism was organized into manors. Each manor would have a lord, knights, and peasants/serfs who are the people who would offer their service in exchange for being protected. Multiple manors could be watched over by a king, since it was the king who granted the lord their land. Religion? Religion during the Middle Ages kept being Christianity, however due to different perspectives of the religion, two churches decided to split (The Great schism), creating two different religions; the Roman Catholics and the Eastern Orthodox church. Governments? The Governments in the Middle Ages included feudalism, monarchies, the church and city states (if the city was located in the Holy Roman Empire). What was life like in it? Life during the Middle Ages was tough, especially for the lower classes. Serfs and peasants were forced to work heavy hours each day, townsfolk would usually be tradesmen or merchants. The only ones who lived well were nobility, as they’d often host parties and feasts for themselves and other nobles. Those times were also pretty violent since many manors would fight each other. Medicine was lacking, allowing the Bubonic Plague to wipe out ⅓ of the population and religion was important in people’s lives. The Crusades (what were they and what happened?): The crusades were religious military campaigns that would spread and defend Christianity. The reason why the Crusades were needed was because Muslims were taking over Christian territory. People would join the Crusades because of Holy Salvation, “participants will get a high place in heaven”, this might have also been one of the incentives for the Crusades. The first Crusade was called by Pope Urban II when the Muslims took over Jerusalem, Spain, and territory near Constantinople. The Christians didn’t want to convert the Muslims to Christianity, they just wanted to get Jesus’s birthplace, Jerusalem, back. This crusade and the third, would become the only successful crusades. Holy Inquisition: An inquisition was a trial for violators of religious faith. The Inquisition can trace its origin to 1184 and the Crusades. By the mid-1200s, inquisitors had a very powerful system in place. By the 1300s, persecution and torture of people believed to be heretics, people accused of committing religious crimes, was spread throughout Europe. What were they? The Crusades were a series of religious military movements that had the objective of taking back territory inhabited by the Muslims. What happened? Only two of the eight were successful, making Spain’s fight back to Christianity the only long-lasting effect the Crusades had on the world. Christianity in Europe: What was it like? Christianity was a big part of Europe during that time. How did it change? After the Roman Empire fell, the church started filling the hole and gaining lots of power. As the church gained more power more people were encouraged to convert to Christianity and the religion became more strict. PAULINA OLIVAR (Student) ayuda con estas preguntas pls 😭 Early Islam in parts of Southern Europe, North Africa, and South Asia (what was it like, how did it start and spread, what are the main pillars of Islam?) Islam was founded by Muhammad. When Muhammad was a boy, his father died when he was 6 months old and his mother when he was 6 years old. He later went on to work in commercial trade. Belief: In the year 610, Muhammad visited the cave of Hira and Angel Gabriel, he was told to get followers Islamic religious beliefs. Angel Gabriel by Mr. Busch 622 - Muhammad flees from Mecca to Medina to avoid persecution, later in 630, Muhammad and his followers go back to Mecca and take control. This becomes the pilgrimage a Muslim should complete once in their life. Kaaba - Holy place for Muslims located in Mecca Quran - sacred book, dictated by Allah to Muhammad The Mosque - Their temple, Muezzin sings to call people to pray  The Five Pillars of Islam: Profession of Faith: There is no god but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet. Prayer: Five times a day facing Mecca. Alms: Donate part of your income to communities in need. Fasting: During the daylight hours of the month of Ramadan. Pilgrimage: Visit Mecca at least once in life. Harem: area of household wives. As many wives as a man can provide for equally, up to 4. After Muhammad’s death, Islam split into two: Shia and Sunni. Shia Sunni - Leader has to be a descendant - Leader has to be someone of Ali and Fatima pious, who follows the prophet’s - Believe Sunni distorts passages example from Quran - Believes Shia distorts passages - Imam and ayatollah from Quran - Imam is sinless by nature, his - Only Imam authority in infallible - Leadership of the community is - 15% of Muslims not a birthright - 85% of Muslims Islam started in Mecca, ye, with the caliphates, and has spread into north Africa, South Asia and Southern Europe. Caliphate - Islamic states led by a caliph, the political and religious leader considered the successor to the prophet Muhammad. What was it like? In the beginning, Muslims were persecuted (Muhammad), since they weren’t Christian. Over time, however, Islam started to gain popularity and was a pretty unified religion. When Muhammad died, Islam split in two, yet there is a notable difference in which branch represents original Islam better since 85% of Muslims identify with the Sunni branch more. How did it start and spread? Islam was started by Muhammad, the chosen prophet of God to share his ideals and beliefs with the others. As Islam started gaining popularity, during pilgrimages and caliphates Islam started spreading towards Europe and Asia through the span of 100 years. What are the main pillars of Islam? The main pillars of Islam are to believe that Allah is the only god, donate part of your income to people who need it, travel to Mecca once in your life, fast during the daylight hours of Ramadan and other special days, and pray five times a day facing Mecca. The Islamic pillars are built on helping others and showing your dedication to the religion. Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire (How did it start? What was it like? What places did it conquer?) Genghis Khan, son of Kubal Khan (famous for unifying the Mongols and China) was born in the Borjigin Tribe. When his father died, Genghis offered to become chief yet the tribe said no since he was only 9. To prove himself, during a quarrel with this brother, Genghis killed him both for food and to secure his spot as the head of the family. Genghis started uniting his people after experiencing his wife being captured and himself being captured by other tribes. He wanted to stop the infighting and become one to nifty the Mongols and rival Chinese power. Genghis became a fearsome leader, doing both good and bad for the community. He created technological advances like the bow and arrow or spears with hooks. His army would be trained not only with weapons but to be able to endure harsh conditions and situations. He would bring priests and ox carts full of supplies to his travels. Positively, his laws would prohibit theft and promote taking care of the environment. He ensured promotions were based on effort, not blood or ethnicity. There was a lot of cultural exchange, people could practice their religion, and united territories that may have been fighting. Genghis conquered many places, including most of the East, north China, parts of Eastern Europe, and Persia, creating one of the largest empires in history. How did it start? Genghis started by unifying tribes within Mongolia to stop the infighting and made sure the Mongols were strong and capable of expanding. What was it like? Being conquered wasn’t good, since Genghis was ruthless at some times. However, once the dust had settled, living under Genghis’s rule wasn’t so bad, since his laws protected individuals and their cultures. Not one would dare break his law. What places did it conquer? Genghis’s empire conquered a vast amount of land, including most of China, the East, the Persians, and Eastern Europe. This ended up being one of the biggest empires ever. Chinese Dynasties (What were they? What were they like? What was the “Chinese dynastic cycle”? What important structures and ideas were a part of these things?): A dynasty is a period of time in which the emperor's all come from the same family. Different dynasties had different impacts on the civilians. Depending on the dynasty's rules, laws, and actions toward society. Chinese dynasty ideals were based on architectural, political, and social innovations. During these dynasties, many big structures were built, like the Forbidden City, Great Wall of China, etc. They also focused a lot on different ideals depending on which dynasty it was. Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism, the Mandate of Heaven, and Buddhism were all ideals that were commonly represented in most dynasties. Confucianism - philosophy based on mutual respect and kindness towards others  Daoism - strives to be in harmony with the natural order, avoid violence, struggle, and suffering Legalism - a strict, literal interpretation of the law, with no consideration of specific circumstances. Being applied to the law means looking at established court decisions and congressional acts, and then deciding cases based only on those. The Mandate of Heaven - the idea that there can only be one ruler at a time and that that ruler had the blessing of the gods. The Chinese Dynastic Cycle is the way dynasties would form and fall throughout multiple dynasties. Chinese interactions with Imperial powers (What happened?): The Opium Trade: The British started gaining interest in trading with China and Hong Kong, the Chinese however? Not interested. So, Britain starts selling Opium (this highly addictive drug) and the Chinese are like “Oooh drugs” (ubicas?) Entonces, los chinos se ponen de que todos drogadictos y empiezan a trade con Britain porque quieren más. The government tried to shut the trade down and banned these shipments but this started a war between China and Britain y pues obviamente gano Britain. So, the trade continued, Hong Kong is now a British territory, and the Chinese were still addicted which started revolts here and there. Al final pasa el Box Rebellion en cual los chinos le empiezan a pelear a los británicos, gringos y franceses. Los Qing estos no lograron controlar a los chamos así que los Chinese nationalists dicen, “te me jodes” y toman el poder. The power eventually ended up in communist hands. The 🎶Renaissance 🎶 (What was it? What caused it? What was the art and thinking like?): What was it? Rebirth of new ideas, ​it marked the transition from the medieval period to the early modern age, emphasizing humanism, a rediscovery of classical knowledge, and a focus on individual potential. What caused it? Rediscovery of Classical Texts: Scholars in Italy rediscovered works from ancient Greece and Rome, preserved in libraries or brought by scholars fleeing the Byzantine Empire after its fall in 1453. Economic Prosperity: Wealthy cities like Florence, Venice, and Milan flourished due to trade, allowing patrons like the Medici family to fund artists and scholars. Printing Press: Invented by Johannes Gutenberg in 1440, it helped spread new ideas rapidly. Black Death (1347–1351):  The plague led to social and economic changes, reducing feudal structures and encouraging innovation and questioning of traditional ideas. Church Influence and Challenges: While the Catholic Church sponsored Renaissance art, growing criticism of its practices (leading to the Reformation) encouraged intellectual freedom. What was art and thinking like? - Perspective, naturalism, classical inspiration. Leanardo Davinci, Michelangelo, Botticeli - The thinking was all about humanism, scientific revolution, and individualism. Absolutism (What caused it and what was it?): Absolutism was a government en donde los reyes se creían lo más cool entonces hacia lo que se le daba la gana not giving a fuc about laws y eso. This form of government was prominent in Europe during the 16th to 18th century. It is often associated with monarchs who believed in divine right. Characteristics of absolutism: Divine Right - monarchs were supported by the “will of god” Estatements (what in the Spanglish?) - society divided by estates or classes they’re born into Heritable Titles - People of nobility are given the same titles as their parents Church and state together - each nation-state has its own religious faction that works together rather than over it Only one official religion - because of 4 from above there was only 1 official religion in the nation-state  Monopolies (mercantilism) - massive companies control all aspects of trade within the nation-state and other nation-states What caused absolutism? Absolutism was caused by religious and territorial conflicts (the Protestant Reformation, the Thirty Years War), the growth of armies and trade, renaissance ideas of strong leadership, and heavy taxes. An example of absolutism was King Louis XIV, “the Sun King”, porque el gafo se creia el centro del universo. He centralized the government in Versailles and kept saying “L'État, c'est moi” (“I am the state”, smh) African Slave Trade ¿What caused it, what was it like? What was it like: The African slave trade was when millions of Africans were taken from their homes and forced to work as slaves, mainly between the 1500s and 1800s. They were captured, sold, and sent across the Atlantic Ocean to work on farms, plantations, and in other labor in the Americas and Europe. What caused this: Since Europe was expanding they needed more people to work on the new lands, they needed cheap labor in order to do so. Some African leaders captured their own citizens to trade them because they needed the money the europeoans offered to buy luxuries (tipo nms wey tan desesperado estas, ni yo con mi ex). AND OFC RACISM, europeas believed black peole were inferior so their life should be dedicated to work on fields. Silk Road What was it? How did it affect Europe and East Asia? What was its legacy? What was it?: The Silk Road was a network of trade routes that connected Europe, the Middle East, and East Asia from around 130 BCE to the 1450s. It was not a single road but a series of overland and sea routes. Merchants traded goods like silk, spices, tea, paper, and porcelain, as well as ideas, technology, and religions. How did affect Europe and East Asia? Europe gained access to valuable goods like silk, spices, porcelain, and paper, transforming European lifestyles and economies. Ideas, religions (like Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity), and technologies (such as printing and gunpowder) traveled to Europe, influencing European innovation and culture. The trade stimulated economic growth in European cities and boosted connections with other parts of the world. In East Asia Chinese silk, tea, and ceramics became highly sought-after, strengthening the economy of East Asia. Buddhism and other ideas spread from India and Central Asia into East Asia, shaping art, philosophy, and religion. East Asia adopted technologies and crops from the West, like the grapevine and alfalfa. What was its legacy? Its legacy was that it changed the way of trade across the globe by creating a vast, interconnected network of exchange between Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. It proved that long-distance trade could thrive despite challenges like geography and political barriers. There was a big cultural exchange because the route facilitated the sharing of religions (e.g., Buddhism, Islam, Christianity), philosophies, art, and literature, blending cultures and leaving a lasting impact on civilizations along its path. Technologies such as paper-making, gunpowder, and printing, as well as scientific knowledge in fields like astronomy and medicine, traveled across the Silk Road, shaping the development of societies worldwide. The Silk Road boosted the economies of cities and empires it connected The French Revolution and Napoleon: What happened and why? Causes: Louis XIV doesn’t allow religious tolerance. Crisis in France: bad harvests, high prices, misery, only peasants pay taxes (98% of the population). The American Revolution inspired the French. What happened? 1792 - Commune assaults the palace and apprehends the King and Queen (there was hate towards Maria Antoinette since she saw them all as less), and the assembly is forced to abolish the monarchy. 1792, Jan 21 -The King is beheaded, and so is the Queen. Reign of Terror: (Sep 5, 1793 - Jul 28, 1794) A period of state-sanctioned violence, public executions, and mass killings of counter-revolutionist ‘suspects’. This becomes the national shave (chaos and lots of ‘shaving’, beheading). How about East Asia and Europe? We covered them both but could you compare them in terms of political control, economic structures, and religious beliefs. PAULINA OLIVAR (Student) ??? No tengo nada de East Asia cattaaaaaa checa whats Dq the nowrich plague o que? Y de asia si ni idea