ULTAMATE History Semester 1 Test Study Guide Winter 2024 PDF

World History Semester 1 Exam Study Guide People-Know civilization associations as well as achievements Cyrus - Freed the Jews and let them build the temple Darius - Extended empire further into Afghanistan/Egypt/Greece Xerxes - He invaded Greece 480 BC Noah - Built the ark Hammurabi - Wrote Hammaru...

World History Semester 1 Exam Study Guide People-Know civilization associations as well as achievements Cyrus - Freed the Jews and let them build the temple Darius - Extended empire further into Afghanistan/Egypt/Greece Xerxes - He invaded Greece 480 BC Noah - Built the ark Hammurabi - Wrote Hammarubi’s code Siddhartha Gautama -The founder of Buddhism Ramses II - Expand Egypt's empire Piankhi - Was a ancient Kushite king Nebuchadnezzar - king of babylon known for his military Sennacherib - King of Assyria Shi Huangdi - the first emperor of the Qin dynasty Aristotle - Tutored Alexander the Great, basis for scientific method Socrates - The unexamined life is not worth living Plato - Philosopher King Alexander the Great - He built the largest empire in the ancient world Homer - Author of Iliad and Odyssey Julius Caesar - Was known as dictator for life and expanded into a bunch of countries Caesar Augustus - He led rome from a republic to a empire 1st and 2nd Triumvirates - 2nd - Octavion, Mark Antony, Lepidus / 1st - Julius Caesar, Crassus, Pompey Diocletian - Split the Empire to Eastern and Western Constantine - Made Christianity a religion in rome and later the official language of rome Paul - Spread the Word throughout 3 missionary trips in ancient Roman Empire Jesus - The Savior of the world / Means “The Lord is Salvation” Attila - Leader of the Huns / Invaded the Germanic areas / Germanic tribes invaded Rome Page 1 Vocabulary-definitions Primary Source - A first-hand or contemporary account of an event or topic Secondary Source - One that was created later by someone who did not experience first-hand or participate in the events Mesopotamia - The fertile crescent where civilizations are thought to begin Fertile - Producing or capable of producing abundant vegetation or crops. Agriculture - The growing and harvesting of crops / another word for farming City-state - Made up the country of Greece / Each had a protector god Cuneiform - Wedge shaped writing used by the Egyptians Delta - An area of low, flat land shaped like a triangle, where a river splits and spreads out into several branches before entering the sea Pharaoh - A ruler in ancient Egypt Hieroglyphics - Egyptian writing that is found in writings and drawings Papyrus - A material prepared in ancient Egypt from the pithy stem of a water plant, used in sheets throughout the ancient Mediterranean world for writing or painting on and also for making rope, sandals, and boats Monsoons - A shift in winds that often causes a very rainy season or a very dry season Mandate of Heaven - The idea that there could be only one legitimate ruler of China at a time, and that this ruler had the blessing of the gods Loess - A fine usually yellowish brown soil believed to be chiefly deposited by the wind Phalanx - Square fighting form used by Greeks / Long spear and a shield / Teamwork Hoplite - Heavily armed foot soldier of ancient Greece Myth - Greek stories meant to explain human emotions and explain natural phenomena Tragedy - A Greek show in ancient Athens meant for fun and laughter / Usually made fun of people in power and the host of the event Comedy - A show in ancient Athens that was meant for fun and laughter and usually made fun of people in power and the host of the event Hellenism - A mix of Egyptian, Greek, Indian, and Persian / Primarily Greek Page 2 Aristocracy - Part of counsel through family line Monarchy - King or Queen dynasty rule Democracy - Government form deprived from Athens, rule by the people Legion - Roman Army formation, consists of 5500 soldiers or more Republic - Government form that uses democracy to elect officials patrician - The roman upper class, more wealthy and papered plebeian - The roman lower class, most poor and landless consul - Chief officials in Senate, military generals, can serve as dictator for 6 months dictator - What a consol can appoint for, 6 month period triumvirate - Roman groups of three in power diaspora - What the romans did to the Jews after them being annoying pope - The early christian church leader, now the authoritative leader of the Catholics inflation - The decreasing value of money, increasing value of everything else mercenaries - Soldiers paid for protection of a certain state, usually not of that country Greco-Roman - The combination of Hellenism and Roman cultures Places-what happened there? Babel - People rebelled against God and he mixed up their languages Mesopotamia - The area North of Israel and the seat of early civilizations Babylon - Hanging gardens are here Anatolia - Now a days Turkey, main landmass of the ancient world Jerusalem - Many revolts and destructions happened to this city Troy - Destroyed by a horse with people in it, we know most of this from Homer’s writings Athens - The starting place of democracy, owned the Delian league Sparta - Won the peloponnesian war, had two kings, women could vote and take care of house Carthage - Went to war against Rome, in Africa by the mediterranean sea. Rome - Built along the Tiber R. near the sea, in the middle of the Mediterranean sea Constantinople - Now called Istanbul, was the center between Sea trade and Silk Road Land trade. Page 3 Ideas/Concepts Why study history? Prepares us for the future Gives us cultural identity Declare’s God’s glory How to read a primary source? Immediate first-hand accounts of the topic Creation 1. Light and Dark 2. Sky and Sea 3. Land 4. Sun and moon 5. Birds and fish 6. Man, woman, and animals 7. Rest The Fall of mankind You already know this Characteristics of a civilization Advanced cities Specialized workers Complex institutions Record keeping Advanced technology Longest River - Nile Age of pyramid building - The old kingdom Indian Rivers - Indus and Ganges Indus Valley plumbing - Advanced plumbing Plumbing of the Indus - Advanced plumbing Page 4 Chinese dynasties in order 1. Xia 2. Zhou 3. Sheng Chinese cultural values including Confucianism - Loyalty always to family women obey fathers then husbands then sons warriors-nobles ruled Indian Caste structure - 1 Brahmins, priests teachers 2 Kshatriyas, warriors rulers 3 Vaishyas, farmers traders merchants 4 Shudras, labourers 5 Dalits/Untouchables, outcasts How trade affects the spread of ideas/religions - It allows the ideas to spread throughout the trade routes and brings it to new areas. Assyrian Empire governance strategy - Rule harshly and with fear. Persian Empire governance strategy - Rule kindly and respect other civilizations religions Delian League - Defensive league that ended up benefiting Athens more than other members Page 5 Peloponnesian War - War between Delian and Peloponnesian League that ended with Spartan (Peloponnesian) victory Babylonian captivity - Babylon destroys Judah and takes their people into captivity for 70 years Conflict between Greece and Persia - Persia tries to attack Athens, fails, tries again, and fails once again. Then, Alexander conquers all of Persia. Great Wall purpose and construction - The wall was constructed for defense. Some of the workers who died during construction were buried in the wall. Contrast Athenian and Spartan values - Athens values creativity and not women, while Sparta values conformity and women. Successor kingdoms to Alexander the Great's Empire - Ptolemy Egypt, Soleus Persia, Antigonus Anantolia, Cassander Greece Pax Romana+Christianity relationship to spread - Peace of Rome, wars only on frontiers, trade, free exchange of ideas → Christianity able to spread easier because of this and roads Roman Republic - Cursus Honorum, (quaestor, tribune, aedile, praetor, consul, censor, dictator) Three branches: Magistrates, Senate, Assembly – Magistrates were the main rulers, Senate did some other stuff, assembly j Causes for the downfall of Rome - The downfall came because of the Civil War non-equal taxes attacks from the Huns terrible leaders who were cruel Germanic tribes invasion Page 6 Chinese advances in technology - blast furnace Silk Road trading and effects - It allowed trade from the roman empire to china and india and made it possible to get exotic goods Religions-Match ideas, people, beliefs, teachings, and gods with their religion/ethical system Hinduism: No concrete origin date, Jainism is a variant of hinduism, Brahma is creator, vishnu protects, shiva destroys, devi is the mother goddess. 3 moksha paths, right thinking, right action, religious devotion Buddhism: Siddhartha Gautama, 4 noble truths Life is filled with suffering and sorrow Cause of suffering is people’s selfish desire for temporary pleasures End all suffering by ending all desires Follow the eightfold path to do this, aka the Middle Way between desires and self-denial Eightfold Path Sangha - religious buddhist order, Three Jewels Religious community Buddha Dharma – doctrine Rejected caste system, monks are poor, women are reluctantly accepted SPREAD OF BUDDHISM Hinduism absorbs Buddhism in India Buddha is one of the incarnations of Vishnu Stupas in India visited Sri Lanka Traveled trade routes Page 7  By sea to SE Asia By silk roads to China and Korea Zoroastrianism: ahura mazda is god, founded by zoroaster 600 bc, good v evil, satan v god Christianity: If you don't know this you are gay Confucianism: 4 virtues of a gentleman Private conduct=courteous Serving master=precise Providing for others’ needs=give more than needed Exacting service=just Education leads to advancement Engineering - Parthenon - Built on the hill of the Acropolis of Athens. It was carved out of marble on-site and was towed using a system of ropes and pulleys to tow and lift the giant blocks into place. Pantheon - Agrippa built this hill and hollowed out the hill so that when they removed the hill it made a circular dome. The front was built just a little offset and that's why it looks a little weird from the front. Great Wall of China - Like the good old days slaves built it under close watch and if they died they were put into the wall. The bricks are held together by brick and mortar. Aqueducts - Basically pathways built from water springs in mountains to cities such as Rome. These pathways would be built with a gradual slope and that would carry the water down Colosseum - Was called Flavian Amphitheater at its origin. They built it alot like the Parthenon with ropes and pulleys and also had a retractable roof. It had pipes underneath it so they could flood it and make mock naval battles Royal Roads-Persia - A highway throughout the empire to transport troops and promote trade Page 8 Pyramids-Egypt -Slaves cut blocks out of limestone off-site and toward the bricks to the site. Some suspect they built one large ramp and pulled the blocks up as they went up. Or they built a ramp that spiralled around the base and went in as they built up. 🚨 You will also have a document activity to complete on your this semester, but will be a new document set 🚨 own as part of the exam. This will be on a topic we covered Page 9