Western History Study Guide PDF

I. Hebrews and Ancient Near East Mesopotamia: Summarian Civilization (5000-1500 BC) Uruk: first major city Akkadian Empire (2300-2150 BC) First empire Old Babylonian Empire (1900-1595 BC) Hammurabi ○ “Hammurabi’s law code” Assyrian Empire (1360-912 BC) Ashurnasirpal II r...

I. Hebrews and Ancient Near East Mesopotamia: Summarian Civilization (5000-1500 BC) Uruk: first major city Akkadian Empire (2300-2150 BC) First empire Old Babylonian Empire (1900-1595 BC) Hammurabi ○ “Hammurabi’s law code” Assyrian Empire (1360-912 BC) Ashurnasirpal II r. 883-959 Sargon II r. 722-705 Neo-Babylonia Empire (612-550 BC) Nabopolassar r. 626-605 Nebuchadnezzar II r. 605-562 Persian Empire (550-330 BC) Cyrus the Great r. 559-530 Darius the Great r. 525-486 Xerxes I r. 486-465 Hammurabi Babylonian king Law codes Gods gave him power The Hebrews: First ‘northern semitic’ migration to Palestine (3500) Semi nomadic bands→ hapiru/habiru (2500) Amorite migration to Canaan (2100-200) Abraham & patriarchs Exodus from Egypt (1500) Second Intermediate Period of Egypt (1700-1550) Hyksos (chiefs of foreign lands) New Kingdom of Egypt (1550-1077) 1. Joshua’s conquest (14th century) 2. Period of the judges (13-11th century) 3. King David (1050-950) 4. Division of Israel and Judah (930) 5. Conquest of Israel by Assyria (720) 6. Conquest of Judah by Babylon (593) II. Greek City States Periods of Greek civilization: 1. Minoan civilization – Crete (2200) 2. Mycenaeans – mainland Greece (1750) 3. Bronze Age Collapse (1200) Mycenaean conquest of crete Destabilization of Helles (1200) 4. Greek dark age (Davidic kingdom) (1100-800) 5. Emergence of city state/polis (800-700) 6. Classical era (900 BC) Definitions for classical era: Acropolis- worship Agora- business Citizen class- landowning men SPARTA 2 kings Gerousia - council of 60 No private family rights ATHENS Draco’s harsh legal code Solon (created Boule council of 500) Cleisthenes’ reforms ○ Citizen-tribes called Demes War & Polis in Classical Greece 1. Persian Wars (550-330) a. Greeks who lived in Iona rebelled against Persian Empire 2. Delian League (478-404) a. Military alliance of greek city-states 3. Peloponnesian War (431-404) a. Between Athens & Sparta Greek Philosophy: Pre-Socratics Thales - water Anaximander - conflict Heraclitus - fire Parmenides - unity Sophists → Teachers of philosophy Socrates Plato Aristotle → Teacher of alexander the great IV. Hellenisitic Era Era of leaning; schools of philosophy Alexander the Great Father: Phillip II Left with responsibility to expand greek empire Conquered Persian Empire Defeated Darius 3 at Battle of Gaugamela Spread greek power Hellenistic Successor Kingdoms Seleucids: utter east Ptolemies: egypt ○ Founded library of Alexander Antigonids Cassander Lysimachus Hellenistic Culture Key Terms: Hellenization → spread of Greek ideas Hellenistic Cities → monarchies Jews in Hellenistic cities: autonomous & mostly free Epicurus → Epicureans (307 BC) New school in athens Pleasure (happy life) = the absence of pain/fear Reject mystery of platonism Stoics (315 BC) School of Zeno Happiness is life in accordance with nature (inspired by Hericlitus) Natural law→ one universal law governs all Epictetus→ “virtue of the soul” stoic philosopher V. Roman Republic Founding of Rome: 753 BC Creation of Republic: 509 BC “Conflict of the orders:” 494-287 BC (conflict b/t Plebeians & Aristocrats for power) 7 kings (Romulus & Remus myth founded rome) Creation of Republic (509 BC) Tarquin the Proud was overthrown His son raped the noblewoman, Lucretia Major Wars (in Italy vs Carthage and with Greeks) Conquest of Italy ○ Estruscan Wars ○ Samnite Wars ○ Latin War ○ Pyric War 3 Punic wars vs. Carthage (264-146 BC) 4 Macedonian Wars (214-148 BC) Roman values 1. Virtus: courage 2. Pietas: religion 3. Fides: faithfulness 4. Dignitas: incorruptible public service Important names/dates in “Roman Revolution” Gracchi Brothers Generals who used military victories to gain power in the Senate ○ Marius ○ Sulla ○ Cinna Battle of Actium (31 BC) ○ Gaius Octavius “Caesar Augustus” triumphed Roman Constitution Consuls - executive officers Tribunes - guardians of plebian rights Dictators - temporary Praetors - administrators Quaestors - financial officers Aediles - public works and festivals 1st Triumvirate (59-53 BC) → Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Julius Caesar, Marcus Crassus Civil Wars - 1) pompey vs Caesar (50-47 BC) 2) octavian vs Mark Antony (34-31 BC) 2nd Triumvirate (43-33 BC) → Gaius Octavius (Caesar nephew), Mark Antony, and Marcus Lepidus Caesar Augustus (27-14 BC) VI & VII. Imperial Rome Year of Four Good Emperors - AD 69 (Galba, Otho, VItellius, Vespasian) 1. Julio-Claudian (27 BC-64 AD) 2. Flavian (AD 69-96) 3. Nerva-Antonine (96-192) a. Five good emperors 4. Severan (AD 193-235) Dates of Emperors: Octavian/Augustus - 27-14 BC Nero - AD 54-68 Titus - 79-81 (crushed Jerusealem, built Colosseum) Domitian - 81-96 (persecuted Christians) Aurelian - Rulers of Judea in the second temple period (neo-babylon to rome) Alexander the great Dates of Major Persecutions of the Church under Roman Rule Nero (54-68) Gallus Valerian Dioclecian Tertullian (155-240) Two Councils & Issues Debated Nicaea → 325 AD the Son of one substance & coeternal with the Father, not the first of creatures ○ Constantine called bishops together Chalcedon → 451 AD incarnate Christ possesses “two natures un-confusedly, unchangeably, indivisibly, inseparably” Heresies Gnosticism: matter/flesh is evil, spirit good; gospel is secret knowledge Donatism: expulsion of priest who recanted faith under persecution.. priest must be faultless Arianism: claimed Christ is not co-eternal with the father Pelagiansim: Moral perfection is possible despite original sin Monasticism key terms Monasticism → living to serve god Eremitic→ living alone Cenobitic → communities Diocletian - reunited empire; created tetrarchy Wars of Tetrarchy 306-324 BC Constantine the Great (306-337) ○ Battle of Milvian bridge (constantine vs Maxentius) ○ legalization of Christianity Diocletian & council tried to name Lucinius Augusts in 308 ○ Constatine defeated Lucinius at Chrysopolis 324 ○ Constatine’s vision of cross VIII & IX Late Antiquity Catholicism: belief in Jesus and honor God through Mary Arianism: Christ is not co-eternal with Father Paganism: those who practiced religion other than Judaism or Christianity Successors of Constantine 1. Constantius II 2. Julian the Apostate 3. Theodosius I Germanic tribes and the fall of the West Valens: German tribes defeated Valens at Battle of Adrianople (peace treaty for Romans to stay Alaric: broke peace settlement after Theodosius’s death; invaded west & sacked rome Gaiseric: Vandel king conquered Northern Africa Odoacer: sacked Rome and deposed the last western emperor Romulus Augustulus: last western emperor 476 AD Frankish dynasties  Merovingian→ 457-751 Carolingian → 751-987 Important Carolingians Charles Martel- 718-814; defeated Moors at Battle of Tours Charlemagne- 768-814; crowned holy roman emperor Louis the Pious- 814-840 divided emperor b/t 3 sons Charles the Fat: 881-888 Charlemagne’s great-grandson; reunified empire Otto the Great: transformed the Roman Catholic Church in Germany to strengthen royal authority and subjected its clergy to his personal control. Alfred the Great of England Alfred laws- Danelaw-treaties and laws created by alfred the great ○ Danelaw can describe the set of legal terms and definitions created in the treaties between Alfred the Great, the king of Wessex, and Guthrum, the Danish warlord, written following Guthrum's defeat at the Battle of Edington in 878.