Word Formation 1.pdf

Chapter 5 Word Formation The Study of Language George Yule Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen  Etymology The study of the origin and history of words. Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen  Word Formation Processes 1. Borrowing 6. Der...

Chapter 5 Word Formation The Study of Language George Yule Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen  Etymology The study of the origin and history of words. Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen  Word Formation Processes 1. Borrowing 6. Derivation 2. Compounding Prefixes, suffixes, and infixes Blending 3. Clipping Hypocorisms Backformation 4. Conversion 5. Coinage Acronyms Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen  Borrowing It is taking words from other languages. Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen  Borrowing One of the most common sources of new words. Examples of English borrowing from other languages: Piano (Italian) Yogurt (Turkish) Alcohol (Arabic) Croissant (French) From English to other languages: Suupaamaaketto / sport/ klub/futbal Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen  Borrowing Loan-translation (Calque) A direct translation of the word into the borrowing language. Gratte ciel (Fr)/ wolkenkrabber Skyscraper (Dutch)/ wolkenkratzer (Gr) Lehnwort Loan-word Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen  Compounding The joining of two separate words to form a single word. Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen Blending Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen  Blending The combination of two separate forms to produce a single new term. Taking the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another. smoke/fog SMOG Binary /digit BIT Teleprinter/exchange TELEX Information/entertainment INFOTAINMENT Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen  Clipping It occurs when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to one word. Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen  Clipping Hypocorisms A word reduced to a single syllable, y or ie is added to the end telly (television) movie (moving pictures) bookie (book maker) Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen Clipping Backformation Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen  Clipping Backformation A specialized type of reduction A word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form a word of another type (usually a verb) Donation Donate Backformation Backform Babysitter Babysit Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen  Conversion A change in the function of a word without any reduction. Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen  Conversion Verbs as nouns: a must/ a guess/ a spy Phrasal verbs as nouns: A print out/ a take over Verbs as adjectives: See-through material/ a stand-up comedian Adjectives as verbs: to dirty/ to empty Prepositions as verbs: They’re going to up the price of oil./ We downed the prices. Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen Coinage Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen  Coinage The invention of totally new terms for commercial products that become general terms. Older examples: aspirin, nylon, Vaseline Newer examples: Kleenex, Xerox, Google Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen  Coinage Eponyms New words based on the names of persons or places Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen  Acronyms New words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words. Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen  Derivation By adding affixes Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen  Derivation The most common word-formation process. Linking affixes to words Affixes are prefixes & suffixes & infixes. Prefixes: beginning of words & change the meaning (un+happy=unhappy). Suffixes: end of words & change the word class (happy+ly=happily). Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen Thank you Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen