ELT 100 - Introduction to Linguistics - A 2024-2025 Past Paper PDF

ELT 100 – INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS First Semester, AY 2024 – 2025 MRS. MARIA FE BUSCANO-DOONG Course Instructor LESSON 4: ON MORPHOLOGY Objectives: 1. Determine the rules/ processes governing word struc...

ELT 100 – INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS First Semester, AY 2024 – 2025 MRS. MARIA FE BUSCANO-DOONG Course Instructor LESSON 4: ON MORPHOLOGY Objectives: 1. Determine the rules/ processes governing word structure. WHAT IS MORPHOLOGY? ⮚ The study of word-formation in a language. ⮚ Deals with the formation and internalization of words. ⮚ The study of the building blocks of meaning in language; the study of how words are structured and how they are put together from smaller parts. MORPHEME – the minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. Ex. Reopened – consists of three morphemes 1st minimal unit: open nd 2 minimal unit: re(again) rd 3 minimal unit: -ed(verb inflection - past tense/past participle) TWO TYPES OF MORPHEMES: 1. Free Morpheme – a morpheme which can stand by itself as a single word. a) Lexical/ Content Morpheme – set of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs in which we think are the words which carry the content of messages we convey. Ex. Door, strong, write b) Functional Morpheme – consists largely of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns. Ex. and, the, on, he, a, she 2. Bound Morpheme – morpheme which cannot normally stand alone, but which are typically attached to another form.  a) Derivational Morphemes – these are used to make new words in the language and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from a stem. Under this are the affixes such as: ⮚ Prefix – added at the beginning of the stem or word. Ex. undo, delimit, disclose, cyberspace ⮚ Infix – added at the middle of the stem or word ⮚ Suffix – added at the end of the stem or word. Ex. reader, beautiful, darken, government b) Inflectional Morphemes – used to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word. Under this are: ⮚ Noun inflections: plural, possessive Ex. cats’ (three morphemes= cat + s + ‘); feet (two morphemes= foot + feet) ⮚ Verb Inflections – Ex. learns, learned, learning = present tense, third person, singular; past tense or past participle; progressive ending. ⮚ Adjective Inflections – Comparative, superlative Ex. softer, softest WORD FORMATION PROCESSES 1. Affixation/ Derivation – adding affixes will give another meaning to a word. Ex. cyberspace, biotechnology, nanotube, disorganization. 2. Reduplication – the process by which a morpheme or part of a morpheme is repeated to create a new word with a different meaning or category. Ex. bric-a-brac, wishy-washy, teeny-weeny, bang-bang, hodge-podge, walkie-talkie, tic-tac, tweet-tweet. 3. Compounding – combining existing words to form a word that takes a meaning of its own. KINDS OF COMPOUNDING: a) Endocentric – denotes something which is a subtype of whatever is denoted by the head. Ex. armchair is a type of chair; backyard, pawnshop, honeybee, girlfriend, bookstore, classroom b) Exocentric – is understood as denoting a subtype of a category which is not mentioned within the compound. Ex. pickpocket is neither a kind of pocket nor a kind of pick, but a kind of person; fishwife (coarse and loud woman – an offensive term for a woman who is regarded as loud-voiced and lacking manners), kitchen kitten (somebody who loves to stay in the kitchen for a reason of cooking, etc), greenhouse (also called a glasshouse/ hothouse – a structure in which plants that need heat, light and protection from the weather are grown), bedroom bunny(somebody who loves to sleep or stay in his bedroom). c) Appositional – is understood as denoting an entity or property to which both constituents contribute equally. Ex. old news, unseen sight, civil war, small fortune, open secret, intellectual idiot, working holiday, loyal opposition. Ways or Manner of writing Compound Words: a) one word – Ex. bookstore, classmate, sunlight, ballroom, pawnshop, classroom b) two words – Ex. General Manager, fairy tale, short story c) hyphenated – Ex. editor-in-chief, officer-in-charge, mother-in-law 4. Shortenings – a process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts. Kinds of Shortenings: a) Acronyms:  ⮚ Initialism – initial letters are joined and pronounced as a word. Ex. RADAR(Radio Detecting and Ranging), SCUBA(Self-contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus), LASER(Light Amplification of Stimulated Emission of Radiation). ⮚ Alphabetism – initial letters are pronounced like the alphabet. Ex. SSS, GSIS, PNB, TGIF, OMG b) Clipping (Or abbreviations): ⮚ Back Clipping the beginning is retained. Ex. Ad/Adz (advertisement), cable (cablegram), exam (examination), Math (Mathematics), lab (laboratory). ⮚ Middle Clipping – the middle of the word is retained. Ex. flu (influenza), tec (detective), jams (pyjamas) ⮚ Fore Clipping – the final part is retained. Ex. phone (telephone), gator (alligator), chute (parachute) ⮚ Complex Clipping – clipped forms are also used in compounds. Ex. cablegram, org man c) Blending/ Portmanteau Words – created by combining parts of existing words. Ex. smog (smoke & fogs), brunch (breakfast & lunch), informercial (information commercial), cyborg (cybernetic organism), fantabulous (fantastic & fabulous), psywar (psychological warfare), escalator (escalade & motor), pixel (picture & element), infanticipating (infant & anticipating), domsat (domestic satellite). 5. Back Formation – a process whereby a word whose form is similar to that of a derived form undergoes a process of deaffixation or subtracting an affix thought to be part of the old word. Ex. hawk