Morphology Lecture Notes PDF

9/10/24 morphology how do we form words? SLHS 3135 Language: Structure, Meaning, and Use M...

9/10/24 morphology how do we form words? SLHS 3135 Language: Structure, Meaning, and Use Mackenzie Fama, PhD, CCC-SLP week 4 slides 1 Morphology: Goals for Tuesday’s session 1. Define and understand what is studied when considering morphology. 2. Understand and define a morpheme. 3. Define and understand derivational and inflectional processes 4. Define and understand the following key terms: - Free and bound morphemes - Content and function morphemes - Content word and function words - Derivational and inflectional affixes - Bound root 2 Morphology and Morphemes Morphology: Study of word formation; the internal structure of words Morphemes: Smallest linguistic unit that has meaning or grammatical function 3 1  9/10/24 Types of Lexical Categories (aka parts of speech) Open Closed Nouns Pronouns (he, she, we, they) Verbs Determiners (the, a, this, your) Adjectives Prepositions (on, of, under, for) Adverbs Conjunctions (and, or, but) 4 Morphemes How many morphemes are in: cats, reusable, Chicago? What are they? Lexicon: the mental dictionary What is a “word”? cat and dog: same or different? cat and catalog: same or different? cat and catty: same or different? 5 Derivation cat and catty: same or different? Both have [kæt] CAT CATTY Form: /kæt/ /kæti/ Meaning: domesticated spiteful, like a domesticated feline feline Lexical Noun Adjective Category: 6 2  9/10/24 Derivation Derivational affixes are used to create new words or change the grammatical category of a word. Cat and Catty Prefixes are added to the start of a word, while suffixes Which is “based” on the other? are added to the end. [kæt] is the _______ Derivation is the process of creating new words. [i] is the _______ 7 Inflection Creation of different grammatical forms of words. cat / catty vs cat / cats both pairs differ in only 1 morpheme but do both pairs differ in meaning? Inflectional affixes: -s, -ed ,-ing, -s, -er ,-est cat cats Form: /kæt/ /kæts/ Meaning: domesticated domesticated feline feline (plural) Lexical noun noun Category: 8 Inflection Cat and Cats Which is “based” on the other? [kæt] is the __________ [s] is the ________ 9 3  9/10/24 Inflectional Affixes 10 Roots vs Stems Roots are the basic morphemes carrying the core meaning of a word, containing only one morpheme. Stems are the Roots Stems base forms of words that include the root and any additional affixes. For example, in “usable”, “use” is the Contain only 1 morpheme May contain more than morpheme root, and “usable” is the stem formed by adding the Usable Unusable derivational suffix “-able”. In “unusable”, the stem “usable” use + able un + use + able is modified with the prefix “un-”. “Unuseable” is not standard because “un-” typically attaches to adjectives, not Root = “use” in both directly to verbs. Stem in 2nd = usable, prefix un- added Why not: *unuse + -able? Root: “happy” Root: “cat” Derivational Affix: “-ness” Inflectional Affix: “-s” 11 Stem: “happiness” (indicating plural) Stem: “cats -er” is a homophonous affix because it has the same Things to Keep in Mind pronunciation but different functions: Homophonous Affixes: Same phonetic form but different meanings or functions Teacher and Taller Example: -er Length or # of syllables ≠ morpheme(s) A homophonous affix is an affix that sounds the same as Example: Chicago, ads another affix but has different meanings or functions. 12 4  9/10/24 Start here Thursday! 13 Classifying Morphemes Free morphemes: can be used as words (cat, dog) Bound morphemes: cannot stand alone (-s, un-, -ing) Bound roots: roots that cannot stand alone (infer, confer, refer, defer, prefer) Content: more concrete meaning, semantically relevant info (cat) Function: primarily grammatically relevant information (-ing on verb) 14 Classification of Morphemes Distinction not always clear cut! Examples: under, classified as a function morpheme -ness, classified as a content morpheme 15 5  9/10/24 Deconstruction: Words with multiple morphemes (e.g., “ Derived and Inflected Words in the Lexicon nonrecyclable”) can be broken down into their parts (e.g., “ non-,” “re-,” “cycle,” “-able”) to understand their meaning. Do we always deconstruct a complex, multi-morpheme construction into its constituent parts to understand it? Creation and Understanding: New words can be formed and e.g., nonrecyclable: non, re, cycle, able Stay tuned for psycholinguistics! J understood through derivational processes (e.g., “smelly” “ unsmelly,” “smellability,” “smellful”). We can also create new words using derivational or inflectional processes… and understand them! e.g., smelly à unsmelly, smellability, smellful 16 Mid-point review 1. What is studied when considering morphology? 2. What is a morpheme? 3. What is the difference between derivational and inflectional processes? 4. Can you define and give examples of the following: free and bound morphemes; content and function morphemes; content word and function words; derivational and inflectional affixes; bound root. 5. What is the difference roots and stems? 6. What is a homophonous affix? 17 Morphology: Goals for Part 2 1. Appreciate an example of allomorphy. 2. Understand and define the following morphological processes: affixation, compounding, reduplication, alternations, and suppletions. 3. Understand the hierarchical structure of derived words and use that to explain ambiguous morphemes and words. 4. Understand and be able to perform a simple morphological analysis (GLA 3!). 18 6  9/10/24 Allomorphs of "Not": Allomorphs "in-", "im-", "il-", and "ir-" are allomorphs of the prefix Morphemes can take different forms, just like phonemes, meaning "not." depending on the environment. "in-" is used before consonants (e.g., “inadequate”). Example – prefixes meaning “not” Adequate / inadequate "im-" is used before “p” or “b” (e.g., “impossible”). But what other forms can in- take? "il-" is used before “l” (e.g., “illegal”). "ir-" is used before “r” (e.g., “irregular”). 19 Morphological processes The process of forming words! We’ll cover these: 1. Affixation 2. Compounding 3. Reduplication 4. Alternation 5. Suppletion 20 Morphological Processes: Affixation is a morphological process in which an affix (a Affixation small grammatical element) is added to a base or root word to create a new word or modify its meaning. Affixation: Derivational or inflectional; prefix or suffix Languages can also use infixing (inserted w/in the root morpheme) Ex: Tagalog Verb Stem Infinitive sulat ‘write’ sumulat ‘to write’ bili ‘buy’ bimuli ‘to buy’ kuha ‘take, get’ _______ ‘to take, to get’ 21 7  9/10/24 Morphological Processes: Compounding is a morphological process in which two or Compounding more independent words (free morphemes) are combined Compounding of Compounding of Compounding of to form a new word with its own meaning. The resulting free morphemes affixed words compounded words girlfriend air-conditioner lifeguard chair compound word often carries a meaning that is different blackbird textbook ironing board watch-maker aircraft carrier life-insurance salesman from or broader than the meanings of its individual parts In English, compound words are not represented consistently in writing. How can you tell that these two-part words are compound words vs. phrases? Look at that blackbird! Look at that black bird! On Saturday we visited the White House. On Saturday we visited the white house. 22 Morphological Processes: Reduplication is a morphological process in which a word Reduplication or part of a word is repeated to create a new word or alter Total reduplication: Doubling an entire free morpheme its meaning. Example: Indonesian Singular Plural rumah ‘house’ rumahrumah ‘houses’ ibu ‘mother’ ibuibu ‘mothers’ lalat ‘fly’ ? ‘flies’ Partial reduplication: Doubling part of a free morpheme Example: Tagalog Verb Stem Future Tense bili ‘buy’ bibili ‘will buy’ kain ‘eat’ kakain ‘will eat’ pasok ‘enter’ ? ‘will enter’ 23 Morphological Processes: Morpheme-internal modifications refer to changes within a Alternations, or morpheme-internal modifications morpheme that affect its form without adding additional 1. Inflectional Internal Modifications affixes. This can be seen in both inflectional and Example: English plural Example: English past & past participle man woman men women ring rang drink drank drunk rung derivational processes. goose geese swim swam swum Some English verbs show both alternation and affixation: break broke broken speak spoke spoken fall fell fallen 2. Derivational Internal Modifications Example: English nouns to verbs (what’s happening here, phonologically?) strife (N) strive (V) breath (N) breathe (V) teeth (N) teethe (V) use (N) use (V) 24 8  9/10/24 Suppletion is a phenomenon where different forms of a Morphological Processes: word use entirely distinct roots or stems, rather than Suppletions following a regular morphological pattern. Completely irregular way to form new words Example: small # of English verbs have suppletive past tense: is was go went verbs derived from ‘go’ also show suppletion in past stems: undergo underwent Example: small # of English adjectives have suppletive comparative/superlative forms: good better best bad worse worst 25 Pause – any questions? 26 Hierarchical Structure Affix Attachment: Derived Words The order of attaching morphemes is crucial. When a word contains more than 2 morphemes, the order in which they are attached becomes important. Affixes attach to stems within the same lexical category Two things to know first: (e.g., “-able” attaches to verbs, not to adjectives or nouns). 1. Stems with which a given affix may combine (Stem INPUT) normally Resulting Word Category: belong to the same lexical category Ex: -able attaches to verbs but not adjectives, nouns use (verb) + able = usable (adj.) *prettyable, *catable The resulting word maintains the same lexical category as 2. Words that are formed when affix attaches to stem (Stem OUTPUT) also the base stem. For example, attaching “-able” to verbs normally belong to same lexical category Ex: -able attached to verbs always result in adjectives creates adjectives (e.g., “usable” from “use”, “catchable” use (verb) + able = usable (adj.) catch (verb) + able = catchable (adj.) from “catch”). 27 9  9/10/24 Hierarchical Structure Verb: A word that describes an action or state (e.g., “use”, “ Derived Words reuse”). Adj Adj Adjective: A word that describes a noun (e.g., “reusable”, “ Verb Adj unusable”). Adverb: A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb (not explicitly shown in the slide). re use able un use able Noun: A word that represents a person, place, thing, or (V) (V) idea (not explicitly shown in the slide). reusable unusable Re + a verb = verb Verb + able = adj. verb + able = adj. un + adj. = adj. 28 Hierarchical Structure Derived Words What about dehumidifier? 29 Hierarchical Structure Ambiguous Words What about unlockable? Two possible meanings! What are they and what would the trees be? 30 10  9/10/24 Some morphemes can attach to different lexical categories, An exception! but their combinations follow specific patterns: Some morphemes can attach to multiple lexical categories. But what they combine with / what the combinations form is not “pre-”: random or arbitrary. Pre- + Verb = Verb (e.g., “prepay”) Example: pre- Pre- + Noun = Adjective (e.g., “preliminary”) Pre- + Verb = Verb Pre- + Adjective = Adjective (e.g., “preexisting”) Pre- + Noun = Adj The combinations are systematic, not random, and follow Pre- + Adj = Adj consistent rules for forming words. 31 So how do we examine morphology? This explanation of morphological analysis may have to come during lab on Tuesday. 32 Procedures for Morphological Analysis Isolate and compare forms that are partially similar Example: Hungarian [hɔz] ‘house’ [εĵhɔz] ‘a house’ [hɔzɔ] ‘his/her house’ [boɾ] ‘wine’ [εĵboɾ] ‘a wine’ [boɾo] ‘his/her wine’ Should be able to identify: Four morphemes total Two stems Two affixes (prefix/suffix?) 33 11  9/10/24 Procedures for Morphological Analysis If a single phonetic form has 2 distinct meanings, it must be analyzed as 2 different morphemes Example: English work – worker vs fast – faster If the same function & meaning are associated with different phonetic forms, the different forms are allomorphs. Example: English prefix meaning ‘not’ imprecise, inadequate, incomplete, irresponsible, illegible [ɪm-] [ɪn-] [ɪη-] [ɪr-] [ɪl-] 34 Review of Goals Can you answer these? 1. Define and give examples of morphological processes. 2. Define and give examples of the following morphological processes: affixation, compounding, reduplication, alternations, and suppletions. 3. Define and give examples of the following types of languages: analytic and synthetic (agglutinating, fusional, and polysynthetic) 4. Perform a hierarchical structure of derived words and use that to explain ambiguous morphemes and words. 5. Perform a simple morphological analysis. 35 Extra slides, FYI only Types of languages in terms of morphology 36 12  9/10/24 Morphological Types of Languages: Analytic Made up of sequences of free morphemes- each word consists of a single morpheme with meaning and function intact. Example: Mandarian (highly Analytic) [w m n tan tcin] I plural play piano c e ‘We are playing the piano’ [w m n tan tcin l ] I plural play piano past c e ‘We played the piano’ e 37 Morphological Types of Languages: Synthetic Bound morphemes are attached to other morphemes. 1. Agglutinating: Morphemes put together so that can usually tell morpheme boundaries Example: Hungarian bound morphemes show grammatical function of nouns in a sentence 1. [ z εmbεr la:t∫ kuca:t] the man (subject) sees the dog (object) c c c ‘the man sees the dog’ 2. [ kuc la:t∫ z εmbεrt] the dog (subj) sees c c the cman (object) c ‘the dog sees the man’ 3. [ z εmbεrt la:t∫ kuc ] the man (?) c sees the dog (?) c c c How does English mark grammatical function of N’s in a sentence? 38 Morphological Types of Languages: Synthetic Bound morphemes are attached to other morphemes. 2. Fusional: Morphemes put together so that it is not usually easy to tell morpheme boundaries Example: Spanish Bound morphemes (suffixes) attach to Verb Stem to indicate the person (I/you/he/she/it), num ber (singular/plural), tense ablo ‘I speak’ abla ‘S/he speaks’ able ‘I spoke’ but no *abl- as a stem, it never appears in isolation 39 13  9/10/24 Morphological Types of Languages: Synthetic Bound morphemes are attached to other morphemes. 3. Polysynthetic: Highly complex words formed by combining several stems and affixes Example: Sora (Indian) allows incorporation of objects (subjects, instruments, etc) into verbs. [aninņamj ten] Word of Sora [anin-ņam - j -te -n] Word divided into morphemes he catch fish non-past do c ‘He is fish-catching’ c 40 14