Word-Formation Processes PDF

Word-Formation Processes Week 6, Lectures 1 & 2  Word-formation processes Word formation is conceived of as the process by which words are brought into existence. Types of Word formation Processes:  Derivation  Coinage  Borrowing  Compounding  Blending  Clipping  Backformation  Conversion...

Word-Formation Processes Week 6, Lectures 1 & 2  Word-formation processes Word formation is conceived of as the process by which words are brought into existence. Types of Word formation Processes:  Derivation  Coinage  Borrowing  Compounding  Blending  Clipping  Backformation  Conversion  Acronyms  # Study the following examples and discuss the source of the listed words:  moveable  movability  activities  creativity  What is derivation? Derivation  It is the process of attaching affixes to the main form to create new word.  Derivation: is the process of creating a new word out of an old word, usually by adding a prefix or a suffix.  Some familiar examples are the elements un-, mis-, pre-, -ful, - less, -ish, -ism and -ness which appear in words like unhappy, misrepresent, prejudge, joyful, careless, boyish, terrorism and sadness.  Other Word-formation processes  Coinage is the invention of totally new terms. The most typical invented words are trade names for commercial products that become general names. (aspirin, nylon, Vaseline and zipper, google).  This can happen because of advances in technology, movies, literature, music, and popular culture. Eponym is one type of Coinage:  New words based on the name of a person or a place are called eponyms Examples:  “Jeans” from Genoa, 'jeans' comes from the Italian city of Genoa where this type of cloth was first made.  “Parkinson”  The condition is named after James Parkinson who described the shaking palsy.  (Earl of Sandwich,, volt, watt, etc.)  Borrowing: taking over of words from other languages. e.g.: croissant (French), sofa (Arabic), lilac (Persian), Piano (Italian), yogurt (Turkish)  A special type of borrowing is known as loan translation or calque: there is a direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language. E.g.: ‘boyfriend’ (American) was a borrowing, with sound modification, into Boyifurendo’ (Japanese), but as a calque into as nan pengyu. ‘male friend’ (Chinese)  The borrowed word never remains a perfect copy of its original. It is made to fit the phonological, morphological, and syntactic patterns of its new language. Loanword: the word and the meaning are borrowed, e.g. hummus (or humous) Loan-translation: literal word-for-word translation of both parts of the lending compound, e.g. superman derives from the German ‘Übermensch’  Compounding  Compounding: joining of two separate words (two roots) to produce a single form.  It is the most common type of word formation in English.  Compounds are written sometimes as one word (sunglasses), sometimes as two hyphenated words (life-threatening), and sometimes as two separate words (football stadium).  Compounds are named after the HEAD, that is the right hand side word in the combination E.g. The head in handbag is bag which makes it a NOUN compound. # Identify the type of compound in the following:  1. dry wash  2. bluebird  3. Baby sit  4. Blacklist  5. Wedding planner  1. Verb compound  2. Noun compound  3. Verb compound  4. Noun compound  5. Noun compound Examples of Compounds noun-noun compound: note + book → notebook adjective-noun compound: blue + berry → blueberry verb-noun compound: work + room → workroom noun-verb compound: breast + feed → breastfeed verb-verb compound: stir + fry → stir-fry adjective-verb compound: high + light → highlight verb-preposition compound: break + up → breakup preposition-verb compound: out + run → outrun adjective-adjective compound: bitter + sweet → bittersweet preposition-preposition compound: in + to → into Blending  Blending: combination of two separate forms to produce a single new term. E.g.:  smoke + fog = smog,  motor+ hotel = motel,  webinar = worldwide + seminar  brunch : breakfast + lunch Clipping  Clipping: when a word of more than one syllable (facsimile) is reduced to a shorter form(fax), flu (influenza), ad (advertisement), vet (Veterinarian), gym (gymnasium). ▪ Front clipping: retains the final part. [phone- (Telephone), Chute (parachute) - Varsity (university) ▪ Middle clipping: the middle of the word is retained.  flu (influenza), Tec (detective) Back clipping: is the most common type in which the beginning is retained. [ad (advertisement), Cable (cablegram), math (Mathematics)] More Examples on Clipping  examination = exam  mathematics = math  laboratory = lab  veteran = vet  captain = cap  manicure = mani  pedicure = pedi Backformation  Backformation: a word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form a word of another type (usually a verb). Television (n) into televise (v), donation (n) into donate (v)  It creates a new word by removing affixes from an existing word.  Most often, back-formation involves making a new verb from an existing noun: for example, and vaccination to vaccinate. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_back-formations Warning Back-formation is different from clipping. Back-formation may change the word's class or meaning, whereas clipping makes shortened words from longer words, but does not change the class or meaning of the word. Examples of backformation Conversion  Conversion (zero derivation): a kind of word formation involving the creation of a word (of a new word class) from an existing word (of a different word class) without any change in form.  There is a change in the function of a word, as for example when a noun comes to be used as a verb (without any reduction). ‘Mom butter my toast, pls!’ Conversion types phrasal verb to noun verb to noun to print out → a printout must (verb) to take over → a takeover → must (noun) As you can see, 'Must' is mainly used as a verb but it is trendy to use 'must' as a noun. hit (verb): hit (noun) noun to verb adjective to verb bottle (noun) → to bottle clean (adjective) The noun 'bottle' is used → clean (verb) as a verb these days. empty (adjective) mail (noun) → to mail → empty (verb)  Acronyms: new words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words. CD (‘compact disk’), laser (‘light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation’), radar (‘radio detecting and ranging’). Identify the different word-formation processes involved in producing each of the words written in italic below.  I forgot my PIN.  I don’t want to babysit her kids tomorrow!  Sarah parties every Friday.  Where can I find an ATM here?  I like this sofa, it is nice and comfy.  Do you have a xerox machine?  When I’m ill, I want to see a doc, not a vet. Answers:  I forgot my PIN.(Acronyms: Personal Identification Number)  I don’t want to babysit her kids tomorrow! (backformation from babysitter)  Sarah parties every Friday. Conversion  Where can I find an ATM here? (Acronyms: Automatic Teller Machine)  I like this sofa, it is nice and comfy. Sofa =borrowing,  Do you have a xerox machine? Xerox= coinag  When I’m ill, I want to see a doc, not a vet. Doc & vet= clipping Identify the word formation process used to create the following  Channel  Burger  Pizza  Demo  Watchman  passerby  Gas  Lab  opt  Chunnel = channel + tunnel [ blending]  Burger = hamburger [ front clipping]  Pizza = borrowed  Demo = demonstration [ back clipping]  Watchman = compound  Passerby = compound  Gas = gasoline [ back clipping]  Lab = laboratory [ back clipping]  Opt = option [backformation] Identify the affixed used in these words:  Disagreements  Ineffective  Refillable  Unfaithful  Disloyalty Using dictionaries or the google, identify which words are borrowings and from which languages they were borrowed.  Assassin  Clone  Cockroach  Diesel  Nickname  Robot  Shampoo  Slogan  Tomato  Umbrella