Week 8 Hydro Part 1 PDF

ELEC7023 Energy System & Sustainability Dr. Emmanuel Pican Room B261L [email protected]  Hydro Power Introduction On Earth, water is constantly moved around in various states, a process known as the Hydrologic Cycle. Water evaporates from the...

ELEC7023 Energy System & Sustainability Dr. Emmanuel Pican Room B261L [email protected]  Hydro Power Introduction On Earth, water is constantly moved around in various states, a process known as the Hydrologic Cycle. Water evaporates from the oceans, forming into clouds, falling out as rain and snow, gathering into streams and rivers, and flowing back to the sea. All this movement provides an enormous opportunity to harness useful energy. 3 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus Hydrologic Cycle Hydro Power 4 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus  Hydro Power There are four broad hydropower topologies: Run-of-river hydropower: a facility that channels flowing water from a river through a canal or penstock to spin a turbine. Typically a run-of-river project will have little or no storage facility. Run-of-river provides a continuous supply of electricity (base load), with some flexibility of operation for daily fluctuations in demand through water flow that is regulated by the facility. Storage hydropower: typically a large system that uses a dam to store water in a reservoir. Electricity is produced by releasing water from the reservoir through a turbine, which activates a generator. Storage hydropower provides base load as well as the ability to be shut down and started up at short notice according the demands of the system (peak load). It can offer enough storage capacity to operate independently of the hydrological inflow for many weeks or even months. Pumped-storage hydropower: provides peak-load supply, harnessing water which is cycled between a lower and upper reservoir by pumps which use surplus energy from the system at times of low demand. When electricity demand is high, water is released back to the lower reservoir through turbines to produce electricity. Offshore hydropower: a less established but growing group of technologies that use tidal currents or the power of waves to generate electricity from seawater 5 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus Hydro Power 6 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus  Hydro Power Classification according to capacity  LARGE: >100 MW MEDIUM: 25 – 100 MW SMALL: 1-25 MW MINI: 100 KW - 1MW MICRO: 5 – 100 KW PICO: < 5 KW 7 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus  Hydro Power LOW HEAD: Low head hydro power applications use river current or tidal flows of 30 meters or less to produce energy. These applications do not need to dam or retain water to create hydraulic head, the head is only a few meters. Using the current of a river or the naturally occurring tidal flow to create electricity may provide a renewable energy source that will have a minimal impact on the environment. Ardnacrusha Ireland 9 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus  Hydro Power MEDIUM HEAD: A power station operating under heads from 30m to 300m. Three Gorges Dam China 10 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus Hydro Power 11 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus  hydropower System HIGH HEAD: A power station operating under heads above about 300m. A head of 200m/250m is considered as the limit between medium and high head power stations. HydroPower 12 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus  hydropower System SINGLE STAGE- When the run off from a single hydropower plant is diverted back into river or for any other purpose other than power generation, the setup is known as Single Stage. CASCADE SYSTEM- When two or more hydropower plants are used in series such that the runoff discharge of one hydro power plant is used as the is a intake discharge of the second hydropower plant such a system is known as CASCADE hydropower plant. HydroPower 13 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus  Hydro Power Sevan–Hrazdan Cascade Hydropower System (Armenia) 560-MW Sevan-Hrazdan Cascade located on the Hrazdan River in Armenia 14 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus  hydropower System SINGLE PURPOSE: When the whole soul purpose of a project is to produce electricity then such a project is known as a Single Purpose Hydro Power Project. MULTIPURPOSE : When the water used in hydropower project is to be used for other purposes like irrigation, flood control or fisheries then such a project is known as Multi Purpose Hydro Power Project. HydroPower 15 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus  hydropower System RUN-OF-RIVER TYPE These are hydro power plants that utilize the stream flow as it comes , without any storage being provided. Chief Joseph Dam USA HydroPower 16 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus  Hydro Power RUN-OF-RIVER TYPE The Itaipu Dam's hydroelectric power plant produced the most energy of any in the world as of 2016, setting a new world record, the installed generation capacity of the plant is 14 GW, with 20 generating units providing 700 MW each with a hydraulic design head of 118 metres Of the twenty generator units currently installed, ten generate at 50 Hz for Paraguay and ten generate at 60 Hz for Brazil. Since the output capacity of the Paraguayan generators far exceeds the load in Paraguay, most of their production is exported directly to the Brazilian side, from where two 600 kV HVDC lines, each approximately 800 kilometres long, carry the majority of the energy to the São Paulo/Rio de Janeiro region where the terminal equipment converts the power to 60 Hz. HydroPower 17 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus  hydropower System PUMPED STORAGE TYPE Pumped storage type hydropower plants are those which utilize the flow of water from a reservoir at higher potential to one at lower potential. During off-peak hours, the reversible units are supplied with the excess electricity available in the power grid which then pumps part of the water of the tail-water pond back into the head-water pond. HydroPower 21 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus  hydropower System TIDAL TYPE…RUN-OFF RIVER COMBINED Hydropower plants with storage are supplied with water from large storage reservoir that have been developed by constructing dams across rivers. Assured flow for hydro power generation is more certain for the storage schemes than the run-of-river schemes. Rance Barrage France HydroPower 22 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus  Hydro Power TIDAL TYPE…RUN-OFF RIVER COMBINED The Rance Tidal Power Station is a tidal power station located on the estuary of the Rance River in Brittany, France. Opened in 1966 as the world's first tidal power station, it is currently operated by Électricité de France and was for 45 years the largest tidal power station in the world by installed capacity until the South Korean Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station surpassed it in 2011. Its 24 turbines reach peak output at 240 megawatts (MW) and average 57 MW, a capacity factor of approximately 24%. It supplies 0.12% of the power demand of France. The barrage is 750 m long.). HydroPower 23 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus  hydropower System IN-STREAM When the velocity of water i.e kinetic energy flowing in the stream is used for conversion into electrical power, then the system is known as Instream. HydroPower 24 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus  hydropower System ISOLATED: Whenever a hydropower plant is set up in a remote area in order to meet the local demands then such a hydropower plant is known as an Isolated System. CONNECTED TO GRID: Whenever the hydropower plant is set up to meet the demands of areas which are at a fair distance from the plant, then the transmission of power takes through the grid system. Such a setup is referred to as Connected to grid. HydroPower 25 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus  Hydro Power  VERY LOW HEAD: (New Technology) 27 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus  Hydro Power New, Very Low Head Hydro-Turbine: Product range:  5 Diameters: 3550, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5600 mm Gross Head Range:  From 1.4 to 2.8 and more Flow Range:  From 10 to 30m3/s Output Range:  From 100 to 500kW 28 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus Hydro Power 30 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus Hydro Power 31 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus Hydro Power 32 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus  Hydro Power Hydraulic turbines may be defined as prime movers that transform the kinetic energy of the falling water into mechanical energy of rotation and whose primary function is to drive a electric generator. 1m3 of water can give about …………….. J of mechanical energy for every meter it descends and, a flow of 1m3/s in a fall of 1 m can provide ………….. W of power 35 ELEC 7023 Dr. E.Pican Cork Campus