Hydro Power MECE3260U-Introduction to Energy Systems PDF

Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science MECE3260U-Introduction to Energy Systems Hydro Power Dr. Ibrahim Dincer Professor of Mechanical Engineering ...

Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science MECE3260U-Introduction to Energy Systems Hydro Power Dr. Ibrahim Dincer Professor of Mechanical Engineering  Outline  Introduction  Working principle  Classification of hydropower  Multiple options of hydropower  Analysis  Turbines Pelton turbine Francis turbine Source: OPG Michel–Banki turbine Kaplan or propeller hydraulic turbine Deriaz turbine Water pumps working as turbines  Closing points https://www.mpoweruk.com/hydro_power.htm 2  Introduction Hydroenergy is the energy as a result of moving (falling) water, as a clean, renewable, and reliable source for electricity generation. Waterwheels have been in use for millennia to grind grain and distribute irrigation water. It is worldwide a potential method for electric power production and has gained significance. Small and micro hydro now receives increasing attention, due environmental concerns. Source: Google-images 3  Classification of Hydropower Based on the production capacity, such as: Large Hydro: over 100 MW and usually feeding into a large electricity grid Medium Hydro: over 10 MW to 100 MW and usually feeding a grid Small Hydro: up to 10 MW and usually feeding a grid Mini-hydro: over 100 kW to 1 MW, either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid Micro-hydro: up to 100 kW, usually provided power for a small community or rural industry in remote areas away from the grid Also, hydro-energy plants are classified into two categories: Low head power plants: head = 5–20 m High heat power plants: heat = 20–1000 m. 4 5 https://live.gridwatch.ca/home-page.html 6 Source: Cengel and Boles (2019) 7  Turbines http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Water_turbine_runners.jpg Turbines are wheels driven by some fluid in movement that makes them rotate by action of the energy contained in them (in potential or kinetic form) on slats that can have several formats. Common types of turbines: Pelton turbine Francis turbine Michel–Banki turbine Kaplan or propeller hydraulic turbine Deriaz turbine 8  Pelton Turbines (PTs) A PT is a turbine of free flow (action). The potential energy of the water becomes kinetic energy through injectors and control of the needles that direct and adjust the water jet on the shovels of the motive wheel. They work under approximate atmospheric pressure. Source: Google-images 9  Francis Turbines (FTs) FTs are from 3 to 150 m of height and from 100 L/s of design flow of the motive water, characteristically from 3 to 600 m in extreme cases. PTs have the advantage of a better efficiency curve than that of FTs. The following disadvantages of FTs are observed with respect to PTs;  Difficult disassembly and assembly of an FT for maintenance and repair Source: Google-images  Very sensitive to cavitation.  Change in efficiency.  Materials sensitivity with possible wear and consequent efficiency reduction.  Not stable for operation at power 40% lower than its maximum power.  Complex control mechanisms. 10  Michel-Banki Turbines (MBTs) Michel–Banki (called radial thrust) turbines currently manufactured have a capacity of up to 800 kW. Their flows vary from 25 to 700 L/s (according to the machine dimensions), with head heights in the range 1 to 200 m. The number of slats installed around the rotor varies from 26 to 30, according to the wheel circumference, whose diameter is from 200 to 600 mm. Source: Google-images 11  Kaplan Turbines (KTs) A KT or hydraulic propeller turbine is recommended for heads from 0.8 to ~5 m. KT has the advantage of maintaining its electro- mechanical parts out of water. It eases routine inspection and maintenance and adds safety in case of floods. The selection of a KT that adapts best to the flow and head of a watercourse. Source: Google-images 12  Deriaz Turbines (DTs) Developed in 1960. Capacity may reach 200 MW. Its flows vary broadly from 1.5 to 250 m3/s (according to the machine dimensions), with head heights in the range 5 to 1000 m. The runner diameter may be up to 7000 mm with six to eight runner blades. Diagonal turbines operate very economically as either turbines or pumps. http://www.vsf.is/files/1243774409Project%20Description.pdf They resemble a fast FT except for the size of the runner blades. Source: machineryequipmentonline.com 13  Water Pumps Working as Turbines The inverse use of water pumps as turbines for small hydroelectric power plants has become quite popular because of the appreciable reduction in facility costs. These pumps, usually of small capacity, have been used for many years in industrial applications to recover energy that would otherwise be lost. They present the following advantages: 1. They cost less because they are mass produced for other purposes (as water pumps for buildings and residences). 2. Their acquisition time is minimal because they have a wide variety of commercial standards and are available in hardware stores and related shops. However, they have a few disadvantages: They have slightly reduced efficiency compared to the same head height used for water pumping, and they are sensitive to the cavitation characteristics and operating range. 14  Closing Points  Hydro power  Working principle  Classification of hydropower  Analysis and performance assessment  Classification of turbine types 15