Week 8 - Emotions, Cognitions, and the Self PDF

lOMoARcPSD|28762649 Week 8 - Emotions, cognitions and the self Personality Psychology (University of South Australia) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university...

lOMoARcPSD|28762649 Week 8 - Emotions, cognitions and the self Personality Psychology (University of South Australia) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Alexia Jones ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|28762649 PERSONALITY PSYCH – WEEK 8- EMOTIONS, COGNITIONS AND THE SELF Objective predictors- little effect, except--- couples Beck’s cognitive theory- certain cognitive style is a Emotions, with children are less happy than those without children/ people with strong social connections are pre-existing condition that makes people vulnerable to depression// vulnerability lies in cognitive cognitions, and happier than those alone. - SUBJECTIVE schema Pessimistic explanatory style- internal/stable/global the self Happiness is rooted in one’s outlook// subjective tools are more significant than objective roots of happiness. ANGER An internal emotion as opposed to the external INCREASING HAPPINESS behaviour of aggression WHAT IS EMOTION? Focused attention on positive things such as: Emotional response to real or imagined threat or EMOTION: Conscious, evaluative reaction to some forgiving others, gratitude, practicing religious provocation event beliefs, optimism Angry people- downplay risks and overlook MOOD: feeling state not clearly linked to some Happiness is linked to good health dangers// are impulsive and fail to consider event (like a season) PERSONALITY AND WELLBEING consequences of actions. // may cognitively filter AFFECT: automatic response that something is good High E, low N more important than gender, info that makes them angry or bad (fluctuates like the weather) ethnicity, age and all other demographic CAUSES OF ANGER CONSCIOUS EMOTION: powerful and unified characteristics. Perceived reaction to someone else’s wrongdoing – feeling state (anger/joy- can specify) Two different models for association between more harm the other person does AUTOMATIC AFFECT: quick response of liking or personality and well-being Greater anger results from: other’s behaviour disliking; good or bad feelings Indirect: personality causes a person to create a viewed as random/arbitrary/ cruel. certain lifestyle and causes emotional reactions Why does anger persist? Anger may help reduce WHAT EMOTIONS DO WE HAVE? Direct: personality causes emotional reactions aggression by acting as a warning and allowing Six basic emotions Research suggests personality has a direct effect on resolution prior to aggression// motivates person to - Surprise emotions—best predictor of responsiveness to act aggressively and assertively // evolutionary - Anger positive mood induction is extraversion// best artefact- in the past, anger may have provided - Fear predictor of responsiveness to negative positive needed arousal. - Happiness mood induction is neuroticism ANGER AND PERSONALITY - Disgust Type A personality- achievement striving, - Sadness UNPLEASANT EMOTIONS impatient, competitive, hostile-(predictor of heart Anxiety, negative affectivity, or neuroticism disease). Big 5- high N, low A. HAPPINESS Eysenck’s biological theory- limbic system- easily EXPRESSION OF ANGER AFFECT BALANCE: frequency of positive minus activated, gets ya cortisol garn Never show anger? frequency of negative emotions Cognitive theories- preferential processing of Vent one’s anger?- catharsis theory, intense physical LIFE SATISFACTION: general evaluation of ones’ life negative info about oneself// higher N, richer exercise and how it compares to some standard networks of association with negative emotions. Get rid of anger?- decrease arousal ROOTS OF HAPPINESS - OBJECTIVE DEPRESSION & PERSONALITY Downloaded by Alexia Jones ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|28762649 PERSONALITY PSYCH – WEEK 8- EMOTIONS, COGNITIONS AND THE SELF GENDER - Reframe In young children, boys more emotional than girls - Humour Men may be slightly more emotional, but women - Religion are more willing to report emotions MEN: when distressed, men tend to distract Actually no difference in type of emotions themselves, turn to alcohol & drug, use humour to Some different feelings – competitive, strong, regulate affect awkward, self-conscious WOMEN: when distressed, women tend to WHY DO WE HAVE EMOTIONS? MEN, WOMEN & LOVE ruminate, tend to eat, more likely to shop or turn to Comprise powerful and important feedback MEN: Fall in love faster, more likely to experience friends. Promote belongingness- emotions promote ties unrequited love, suffer more intense emotional COGNITIVE APPROACT TO PERSONALITY with other people// breaking social bonds  distress after a break-up Focus on differences in how people process info negative emotions// forming social bonds  WOMEN: women fall out of love faster, more - Perception positive emotions. experiences of receiving love but not reciprocating - Interpretation Emotions cause behaviour… kind of! Automatic it - Beliefs & desires affect is much faster, people will engage in - Intelligence behaviours to change emotions// emotions do EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE PERCEPTION cause behaviour to communicate those emotions The ability to perceive, access and generate, Field Dependence-independence- (kids)// tbh it rarely causes behaviour directly understand and reflectively regulate emotions Field independent (vs. field dependent) people have Guide thinking and learning- how do I feel about Higher EQ leads to success the ability to focus on details despite the clutter of this?- not the best guides tbh Can be measured with the Mayers-Salovey-Caruso background information. Anticipated emotion guides decisions and choices- Emotional Intelligence Test – 4 branches Measures- e.g. guilt// affective forecasting—predicting Perceiving emotion: the ability to recognise how - Rod & Frame test/Embedded Figures test emotional reactions to future events you and those around you are feeling Life choices- Help and hurt decision making- gut feeling about Facilitating thought: the ability to generate an - field independent people favour natural risk// sexual arousal emotion and the reason with this emotion sciences, math and engineering// more Understanding emotions: the ability to understand interpersonally detached // better able to DIFFERENCES IN EMOTION complex emotions and how emotions can transition screen out distracting info and focus on a CULTURAL- more differences in how it’s expressed from one stage to another task// learn more effectively in hyper-media more than which emotions experienced Managing emotions: the ability to be open to based instructional environments Asian Americans place greater emphasis on feelings and modulate them to promote personal - field dependent people favour social emotional moderation than European Americans understanding and growth. sciences and education// are more Collectivist cultural emotion based more on attentive to social cues and oriented toward assessment of social worth, outer world, self-other AFFECT REGULATION other people relationships - Do things that produce good feelings Pain Tolerance and sensation reducing augmenting Cultural difference in amount of concealment of - Raise or lower your level of arousal People with low pain tolerance have a nervous emotion - Distraction system that is amplified/augmented by subjective - Social support impact of sensory input Downloaded by Alexia Jones ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|28762649 PERSONALITY PSYCH – WEEK 8- EMOTIONS, COGNITIONS AND THE SELF People with high pain tolerance have a nervous - life tasks system that is dampened: they experience reduced SOCIAL IDENTITY effects of sensory info THE SELF Interpersonal self- how others know you Reducers seek strong stimulation – compensation Self-identity- who/ what do others think I am? Potentiality- what you may become for low sensory activity and may use substances to Self-esteem- what am I worth? Values and priorities – general principle and artificially lift their arousal level Self-concept- who am I? priorities When things don’t line up we may experience confusion about who we are and place in society SELF CONCEPT (identity crises) specific to western cultures Who am I? INTERPRETATION Self-Concept= Self-Theory KELLY’S PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY Many parts Personal constructs Private DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF CONCEPT - constructs a person uses to interpret and Static/dynamic Self-awareness: infant realises that it is distinct from predict events the rest of the world. Gradual process. - to understand a person, we must SELF-SCHEMAS Ages 2-3: children learn to identify themselves understand how they construe the social Collection of specific beliefs about self through their age and sex, expand self-concept to world Concept of an attribute include reference to a family. - anxiety= not being able to understand and A map Ages 3-4: based mainly on developing skills and predict life events Created and adjusted from feedback from talents LOCUS OF CONTROL environment (SE) Ages 5-6: increase in skill and ability comparison External with others (social comparison), playing with others - events are outside of one’s control POSSIBLE SELVES more, competition. Learn to keep secrets and lie Internal The self in the future (private self-concept), part of their mind that no - events are under one’s control and one is Aspirations one else can access responsible for major life outcomes. Fears Teenage years: perspective taking – taking other’s LEARNED HELPLESSNESS Motivations perspective, and seeing oneself as the object of Associated with feelings of helplessness and poor another’s attention. Beginning of self-identity. adjustment and a pessimistic explanatory style SELF-ESTEEM Taking info on board about your social identity. (internal/stable/global) Evaluative Affective- emotions attached SOCIAL IDENTIY BELIEFS & DESIRES A map Social component of the self People differ in their goals and these differences Trait (more stable & consistent, global self-worth) The self we show to others. The part of ourselves reveal and are part of personality or state (a phase- grade feedback) that we use to create an impression to let others - personal strivings Domain specific- with each attribute you’ve got a know what to expect from us. i.e. engaging in - current concerns different level of self-worth that goes along with it. behaviours to demonstrate aspects of personality. - personal projects Different levels of self-esteem in different contexts. Different from self concept- more public Downloaded by Alexia Jones ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|28762649 PERSONALITY PSYCH – WEEK 8- EMOTIONS, COGNITIONS AND THE SELF Social identity includes sex, ethnicity and height Identity has two key features Identify development - continuity: many aspects height etc. continuous - contrast: helps us describe one person from another person. Downloaded by Alexia Jones ([email protected])