Personality Psychology Week 8: Emotions, Cognitions, and Self

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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between emotion and mood?

Emotion is a quick response of liking or disliking, while mood is a powerful and unified feeling state.

Emotion is a conscious evaluative reaction, while mood is an automatic response.

Emotion is a internal state, while mood is an external behavior.

Emotion is a feeling state clearly linked to some event, while mood is not. (correct)

What is the relationship between personality and well-being?

Only certain demographic characteristics affect well-being, not personality.

High E, low N is less important than gender, ethnicity, and age.

Personality is not related to well-being.

High E, low N is more important than gender, ethnicity, age, and all other demographic characteristics. (correct)

What is affect?

A powerful and unified feeling state.

A conscious, evaluative reaction to some event.

A quick, automatic response that something is good or bad. (correct)

A feeling state clearly linked to some event.

Why do angry people tend to overlook risks and dangers?

Because they are impulsive and fail to consider consequences of actions. Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction to someone else's wrongdoing can cause anger?

Perceived reaction to someone else's wrongdoing. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between conscious emotion and automatic affect?

Conscious emotion is a powerful and unified feeling state, while automatic affect is a quick response. Signup and view all the answers

What is an internal emotion that is opposed to the external behavior of aggression?

Anger. Signup and view all the answers

What can increase happiness?

Practicing religious beliefs, gratitude, and optimism. Signup and view all the answers

According to personality psychology, which of the following is a pre-existing condition that makes people vulnerable to depression?

Cognitive schema Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in determining happiness, according to personality psychology?

Subjective outlook, such as one's attitude towards life Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an objective predictor of happiness?

Having children Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of people with a pessimistic explanatory style?

They have an internal, stable, and global attribution style Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to happiness, according to personality psychology?

Cognitive theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between having children and happiness, according to personality psychology?

Couples with children are less happy than those without children Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Beck's cognitive theory in understanding happiness?

It suggests that certain cognitive styles are a vulnerability to depression Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of people who are happy, according to personality psychology?

They have a positive outlook on life Signup and view all the answers

According to cognitive theories, what type of information do people with higher neuroticism tend to process more?

Negative information about oneself Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the catharsis theory?

Venting one's anger reduces arousal Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a general evaluation of one's life and how it compares to some standard?

Life satisfaction Signup and view all the answers

What do women tend to do when they are distressed?

Ruminate and talk to others Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference in emotions between men and women?

There is no difference in the type of emotions experienced Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of emotions, according to psychologists?

To regulate social behavior Signup and view all the answers

What do men tend to do when they are distressed?

Distract themselves and turn to alcohol and drug Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the tendency to process negative information about oneself?

Prefential processing Signup and view all the answers

In collectivist cultures, emotions are more based on:

Assessment of social worth and outer world Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of affect regulation?

To raise or lower one's level of arousal Signup and view all the answers

People with low pain tolerance have a nervous system that is:

Amplified, increasing the effects of sensory input Signup and view all the answers

Reducers seek strong stimulation to compensate for:

Low sensory activity Signup and view all the answers

Self-identity refers to:

Who or what you think you are Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between people with high and low pain tolerance?

Their sensitivity to sensory stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Cultural differences in the concealment of emotions are related to:

Individualistic versus collectivist cultural values Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of social support in affect regulation?

To provide emotional comfort and reduce arousal Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range in which children develop skills and talents based on their environment?

Ages 3-4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the feelings of helplessness and poor adjustment associated with a pessimistic explanatory style?

Learned Helplessness Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children start to take other's perspectives and see themselves as the object of another's attention?

Teenage years Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the self in the future, including aspirations and motivations?

Possible Selves Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the belief that events are outside of one's control?

External Locus of Control Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children start to develop a sense of self-identity and adjust to taking info on board about their social identity?

Teenage years Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the part of one's mind that no one else can access, including keeping secrets and lying?

Private Self-Concept Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the belief that events are under one's control and one is responsible for major life outcomes?

Internal Locus of Control Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Emotions, Cognitions, and the Self

Emotions are conscious, evaluative reactions to some event, while mood is a feeling state not clearly linked to some event.
Affect is an automatic response that something is good or bad, and it fluctuates like the weather, whereas conscious emotion is a powerful and unified feeling state.
Automatic affect is a quick response of liking or disliking, resulting in good or bad feelings.

Roots of Happiness

Objective predictors of happiness have little effect, except for couples with children being less happy than those without children.
Happiness is rooted in one's outlook, and subjective tools are more significant than objective roots of happiness.
Focusing on positive things like forgiving others, gratitude, and practicing religious beliefs can increase happiness.

Anger

Anger is an emotional response to real or imagined threat or provocation.
Angry people tend to downplay risks and overlook dangers, are impulsive, and fail to consider consequences of actions.
Causes of anger include perceived reaction to someone else's wrongdoing, and greater anger results from the other person's behavior viewed as random/arbitrary/cruel.

Personality and Well-being

High extraversion and low neuroticism are more important than gender, ethnicity, age, and other demographic characteristics for well-being.
Two different models for association between personality and well-being: indirect and direct.

Depression and Personality

Beck's cognitive theory suggests that certain cognitive styles make people vulnerable to depression.
Pessimistic explanatory style is internal, stable, and global.

Affect Regulation

Ways to regulate affect include doing things that produce good feelings, raising or lowering one's level of arousal, distraction, and social support.

Cultural Differences in Emotions

Collectivist cultural emotion is based more on assessment of social worth, outer world, and self-other relationships.
Cultural differences exist in the amount of concealment of emotion.

Locus of Control

External locus of control: events are outside of one's control.
Internal locus of control: events are under one's control and one is responsible for major life outcomes.

Learned Helplessness

Associated with feelings of helplessness and poor adjustment, and a pessimistic explanatory style.

The Self

Self-identity: who/what do others think I am?
Self-esteem: what am I worth?
Self-concept: who am I?
Ages 3-4: self-concept is based mainly on developing skills and talents.
Ages 5-6: self-concept is based on skill and ability comparison with others, and social comparison.
Teenage years: self-identity begins to form, and perspective taking starts.

Interpersonal self: how others know you.
Potentiality: what you may become.
Values and priorities: general principles and a map.
Self-esteem is influenced by social identity and feedback from the environment.

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Description

A quiz on Week 8 of Personality Psychology course, covering emotions, cognitions, and the self. From University of South Australia.