Week 7 Test Bank 2 PDF

 How does endogamy in the Hindu caste system maintain social stratification?\ A) By restricting marriage to the same caste and preserving caste purity\ B) By encouraging interfaith unions to expand cultural influence\ C) By prioritizing dowries to consolidate wealth across castes\ D) By promoting g...

 How does endogamy in the Hindu caste system maintain social stratification?\ A) By restricting marriage to the same caste and preserving caste purity\ B) By encouraging interfaith unions to expand cultural influence\ C) By prioritizing dowries to consolidate wealth across castes\ D) By promoting genetic diversity within religious families\ E) By mandating patrilocal residence after marriage\ **Answer**: A\ **Explanation**: Endogamy in the Hindu caste system ensures caste purity by restricting marriage to within the same caste, reinforcing social boundaries and maintaining stratification.  How does exogamy contribute to social networks in Aboriginal societies?\ A) By discouraging interactions between complementary moieties\ B) By limiting alliances to within single kinship groups\ C) By centralizing wealth and resources within clans\ D) By promoting cross-clan marriages to build cooperative relationships\ E) By prioritizing marriage within the same moiety\ **Answer**: D\ **Explanation**: Aboriginal exogamy creates strong social networks by fostering cooperation and mutual support through inter-clan marriages.  How does monogamy simplify inheritance laws in agricultural societies like Ancient Rome?\ A) By prioritizing communal land ownership over private property\ B) By ensuring clear lines of descent for property transmission\ C) By reducing disputes over labor rights within the family\ D) By encouraging polygynous unions within wealthy families\ E) By discouraging dowry practices in extended kinship groups\ **Answer**: B\ **Explanation**: Monogamy simplifies inheritance by creating clear, linear family structures, which reduce disputes and ensure orderly transmission of property and wealth.  What is the term for cousins who are the children of a parent's opposite-sex sibling?\ A) Parallel cousins\ B) Moiety relatives\ C) Affinal kin\ D) Cross-cousins\ E) Consanguineal cousins\ **Answer**: D\ **Explanation**: Cross-cousins are the children of a parent's opposite-sex sibling (e.g., a mother's brother's children), often considered eligible marriage partners in some societies.  How does polygyny function as a status symbol in African pastoralist societies like the Maasai?\ A) By discouraging alliances between competing clans\ B) By reinforcing patrilineal inheritance through single partnerships\ C) By demonstrating wealth and the ability to support multiple households\ D) By reducing household economic pressures through communal farming\ E) By emphasizing the role of dowries in marriage arrangements\ **Answer**: C\ **Explanation**: Among the Maasai, polygyny serves as a marker of wealth and social status, as it requires significant resources to sustain multiple wives and households.  How does the Maisin practice of bride wealth foster balanced inter-clan relationships?\ A) By discouraging lavish wedding ceremonies\ B) By ensuring compensation for the bride's family for her labor and children\ C) By eliminating the need for reciprocal exchanges between clans\ D) By mandating patrilocal residence after marriage\ E) By prioritizing matrilineal inheritance over patrilocal traditions\ **Answer**: B\ **Explanation**: Bride wealth in Maisin society formalizes marriages by compensating the bride's family for her contributions, fostering equitable and respectful inter-clan alliances.  How does serial monogamy reflect modern Western societal norms?\ A) By emphasizing exclusivity in romantic partnerships over time\ B) By discouraging remarriage after the death of a spouse\ C) By normalizing collective family structures for wealth consolidation\ D) By requiring legal recognition for all subsequent unions\ E) By prioritizing inheritance rights over marital commitments\ **Answer**: A\ **Explanation**: Serial monogamy reflects modern acceptance of changing partnerships while maintaining exclusivity in romantic relationships during each phase.  How does polyandry address resource scarcity in Himalayan societies?\ A) By discouraging agricultural expansion across communities\ B) By prioritizing large family units for farming efficiency\ C) By encouraging land redistribution among siblings\ D) By limiting marriages to resource-rich families\ E) By concentrating resources within a single household\ **Answer**: E\ **Explanation**: Polyandry prevents the fragmentation of limited resources like land and livestock by concentrating them within a single household.  How does polygyny in horticultural societies like the Yanomami enhance household resilience?\ A) By restricting inheritance to a single child per wife\ B) By increasing the labor available for subsistence farming\ C) By redistributing wealth across unrelated clans\ D) By limiting the number of wives per family to reduce competition\ E) By promoting alliances with external communities\ **Answer**: B\ **Explanation**: Polygyny in Yanomami society increases household resilience by ensuring a larger labor force for gardening and subsistence activities.  How does Tahltan exogamy preserve genetic diversity and oral traditions?\ A) By concentrating ecological knowledge within matrilineal clans\ B) By discouraging intermarriage with neighboring tribes\ C) By mandating marriage outside the matrilineal clan\ D) By requiring reciprocal exchanges of bride wealth between clans\ E) By centralizing storytelling among elders within clans\ **Answer**: C\ **Explanation**: Tahltan exogamy ensures genetic diversity by mandating marriage outside the matrilineal clan and fosters the sharing of oral traditions through inter-clan alliances.  How does exogamy prevent hereditary disorders in populations?\ A) By limiting arranged marriages within the same lineage\ B) By prioritizing cultural blending over traditional norms\ C) By avoiding close-kin marriages that lead to genetic issues\ D) By encouraging patrilocal residence patterns\ E) By emphasizing resource redistribution through intermarriage\ **Answer**: C\ **Explanation**: Exogamy reduces the risk of genetic disorders by avoiding inbreeding, promoting genetic diversity, and ensuring healthier populations.  How does monogamy promote gender equality in modern contexts?\ A) By reducing household economic pressures through shared labor\ B) By centralizing wealth within male-dominated lineages\ C) By discouraging individual property ownership\ D) By emphasizing equal partnerships between spouses\ E) By prioritizing dowries over direct family inheritance\ **Answer**: D\ **Explanation**: Monogamy promotes egalitarian relationships by focusing on equal partnerships between spouses, especially in contemporary societies.  How does Tahltan exogamy ensure the continuity of oral traditions?\ A) By discouraging alliances with external clans\ B) By requiring formal documentation of ecological knowledge\ C) By centralizing storytelling within matrilineal clans\ D) By prioritizing matrilocal residence for married couples\ E) By spreading oral traditions across diverse inter-clan marriages\ **Answer**: E\ **Explanation**: By marrying outside their clans, the Tahltan ensure oral traditions and ecological knowledge are widely shared across clans, promoting cultural continuity.  What is one economic rationale for endogamy in hierarchical societies?\ A) To preserve wealth and resources within the group\ B) To encourage upward mobility through marriage\ C) To promote inter-caste alliances and wealth redistribution\ D) To discourage dowry exchanges in lower socioeconomic groups\ E) To prioritize matrilocal inheritance for female heirs\ **Answer**: A\ **Explanation**: Endogamy helps concentrate wealth and resources within a specific group, preventing their distribution to outsiders and maintaining economic hierarchies.  What does bilocal residence mean in kinship systems?\ A) Couples establish an independent household after marriage\ B) Couples live alternately with both the husband's and wife's families\ C) Couples reside exclusively with the wife's family\ D) Couples follow patrilocal inheritance patterns\ E) Couples live with extended kin from both sides simultaneously\ **Answer**: B\ **Explanation**: Bilocal residence allows couples to alternate living with either the husband's or wife's family, offering flexibility in family arrangements.  How does the Maisin practice of bride service strengthen inter-clan relations?\ A) By discouraging external alliances between clans\ B) By prioritizing inheritance rights for the bride's family\ C) By eliminating the need for reciprocal marriage exchanges\ D) By fostering familial bonds through labor contributions\ E) By requiring patrilocal residence for all unions\ **Answer**: D\ **Explanation**: Bride service involves the prospective spouse working for their in-laws, fostering close ties and mutual trust between clans.  How does polyandry reduce familial conflict among siblings?\ A) By allowing all brothers to share a single wife and household\ B) By encouraging individual households for each sibling\ C) By mandating patrilocal residence for married couples\ D) By distributing inheritance equally among all brothers\ E) By discouraging alliances with neighboring families\ **Answer**: A\ **Explanation**: Polyandry reduces sibling conflict by uniting brothers in a shared marital arrangement, preventing disputes over land and inheritance.  How does exogamy enhance resource distribution in a society?\ A) By limiting the number of permissible marriage alliances\ B) By discouraging external economic partnerships\ C) By facilitating exchanges of goods and labor between families\ D) By concentrating wealth within a single clan\ E) By centralizing economic decision-making across clans\ **Answer**: C\ **Explanation**: Exogamous marriages encourage the redistribution of resources such as labor and wealth, strengthening social cohesion and economic stability.  How does polygyny in African pastoralist societies like the Maasai contribute to social alliances?\ A) By restricting intermarriage between rival clans\ B) By encouraging communal farming across multiple households\ C) By fostering kinship connections through marriage into multiple families\ D) By discouraging resource-sharing between unrelated families\ E) By centralizing inheritance rights for the husband's lineage\ **Answer**: C\ **Explanation**: Polygyny in the Maasai creates extensive kinship networks by marrying into multiple families, strengthening social and economic alliances.  How does endogamy in Orthodox Jewish communities preserve religious continuity?\ A) By discouraging arranged marriages within the faith\ B) By allowing interfaith marriages to expand cultural influence\ C) By restricting marriage to individuals within the same faith\ D) By prioritizing matrilocal residence for newly married couples\ E) By emphasizing genetic diversity within the community\ **Answer**: C\ **Explanation**: Orthodox Jewish communities practice endogamy to maintain their distinct religious identity and traditions by marrying within the faith.  How does Australian Aboriginal exogamy enforce cosmological balance?\ A) By discouraging resource-sharing within clans\ B) By mandating cross-moiety marriages through social taboos\ C) By promoting endogamy within patrilineal kinship systems\ D) By requiring formal exchanges of wealth between clans\ E) By centralizing inheritance rights in specific moieties\ **Answer**: B\ **Explanation**: Aboriginal moiety systems enforce exogamy by requiring cross-moiety marriages, reflecting cosmological beliefs about harmony and balance.  What is one critique of monogamy as a universal marital ideal?\ A) It discourages romantic love and partnership.\ B) It eliminates property inheritance for women.\ C) It marginalizes alternative systems like polygamy.\ D) It prioritizes economic over emotional relationships.\ E) It prevents the development of kinship alliances.\ **Answer**: C\ **Explanation**: Monogamy is often critiqued for marginalizing other valid marital systems, such as polygamy, which may serve specific cultural or economic needs.  What is the term for relatives traced through one parent's lineage, either matrilineal or patrilineal?\ A) Bilateral kin\ B) Moiety relatives\ C) Affinal kin\ D) Unilineal descent\ E) Consanguineal cousins\ **Answer**: D\ **Explanation**: Unilineal descent refers to kinship traced through one parent's lineage, either the mother's (matrilineal) or father's (patrilineal), rather than through both parents.  How does Maisin marriage combine modernity and tradition?\ A) By mandating Anglican Church approval for all unions\ B) By balancing arranged marriages with individual choice\ C) By discouraging reciprocal exchanges of bride wealth\ D) By prioritizing patrilocal residence for newlyweds\ E) By emphasizing endogamy over external alliances\ **Answer**: B\ **Explanation**: The Maisin integrate traditional arranged marriage practices with individual choice, reflecting their ability to balance cultural continuity with modern influences.  How does serial monogamy reflect contemporary Western norms?\ A) By centralizing wealth within the extended family\ B) By discouraging remarriage after the death of a spouse\ C) By promoting long-term familial stability through multiple unions\ D) By emphasizing romantic love over practical alliances\ E) By normalizing successive exclusive relationships over time\ **Answer**: E\ **Explanation**: Serial monogamy reflects modern acceptance of changing partnerships while maintaining exclusivity in romantic relationships during each phase.  How does polyandry address resource scarcity in Himalayan societies?\ A) By redistributing land among all family members\ B) By promoting inter-household competition for land\ C) By concentrating resources within a single household\ D) By encouraging population growth through multiple unions\ E) By discouraging agricultural expansion within communities\ **Answer**: C\ **Explanation**: Polyandry helps preserve scarce resources like land and livestock by concentrating them within a single household, preventing fragmentation.  How does polygyny contribute to economic stability in horticultural societies like the Yanomami?\ A) By discouraging intermarriage between rival clans\ B) By limiting the number of children per wife to control population growth\ C) By increasing household productivity through the labor of multiple wives\ D) By redistributing wealth across unrelated clans\ E) By centralizing inheritance rights within a single lineage\ **Answer**: C\ **Explanation**: Polygyny in horticultural societies ensures a larger labor force, enhancing household productivity and overall economic stability.  What does neolocal residence allow couples to do?\ A) Live alternately with both the husband's and wife's families\ B) Establish a new, independent household\ C) Reside exclusively with the wife's family\ D) Reinforce patrilineal inheritance patterns\ E) Participate in reciprocal exchanges of labor between families\ **Answer**: B\ **Explanation**: Neolocal residence allows newlyweds to establish an independent household, separate from both families, fostering autonomy.  How does Tahltan exogamy ensure communal survival?\ A) By discouraging cooperation between rival clans\ B) By fostering extensive social networks through inter-clan marriages\ C) By requiring matrilocal residence for all unions\ D) By limiting alliances with neighboring groups\ E) By centralizing labor within matrilineal clans\ **Answer**: B\ **Explanation**: Tahltan exogamy ensures mutual support and promotes resource-sharing by fostering extensive social networks through inter-clan marriages.  How does the Maisin practice of exogamy enhance social cohesion?\ A) By limiting resource-sharing across clans\ B) By concentrating wealth within specific lineages\ C) By facilitating alliances and cooperation across clans\ D) By eliminating the need for arranged marriages\ E) By discouraging intermarriage with other villages\ **Answer**: C\ **Explanation**: Maisin exogamy fosters alliances and cooperation between clans, creating mutual support networks and promoting social cohesion.  How does polygyny address demographic imbalances in societies with high male mortality?\ A) By creating competition among co-wives for resources\ B) By integrating widows into existing family structures\ C) By prioritizing arranged marriages for young girls\ D) By reducing the number of men available for labor\ E) By discouraging alliances between unrelated families\ **Answer**: B\ **Explanation**: Polygyny provides a social safety net by integrating widows and unmarried women into existing family structures, addressing gender imbalances caused by high male mortality.  What is the primary cultural function of exogamy in matrilineal societies like the Tahltan?\ A) To consolidate power within a single matrilineal lineage\ B) To ensure genetic diversity and inter-clan alliances\ C) To prioritize patrilineal inheritance for family stability\ D) To encourage patrilocal residence patterns for married couples\ E) To maintain endogamous practices within clans\ **Answer**: B\ **Explanation**: Exogamy in Tahltan society fosters genetic diversity and strengthens inter-clan alliances, ensuring communal survival and cultural continuity.  How does Maisin bride service create inter-clan connections?\ A) By compensating the bride's family for their daughter's labor\ B) By mandating economic support for the bride's extended family\ C) By requiring the groom to work for his in-laws before marriage\ D) By prioritizing matrilocal residence for newlyweds\ E) By facilitating resource-sharing between rival clans\ **Answer**: C\ **Explanation**: Bride service strengthens bonds between clans by requiring the groom to work for his in-laws, fostering trust and mutual support.  What is a key challenge associated with polygyny in African societies?\ A) Encouraging competition among co-wives for resources\ B) Prioritizing patrilocal residence for all families\ C) Eliminating economic redistribution within clans\ D) Discouraging large family units for agricultural productivity\ E) Preventing alliances between rival clans\ **Answer**: A\ **Explanation**: Polygyny can lead to intra-household tensions as co-wives may compete for resources, attention, and status within the family.  How does endogamy help preserve cultural identity?\ A) By promoting intermarriage between different clans\ B) By limiting cultural blending through internal marriages\ C) By encouraging alliances with external families\ D) By prioritizing economic redistribution across groups\ E) By fostering genetic diversity within lineages\ **Answer**: B\ **Explanation**: Endogamy reinforces a collective identity by restricting marriage to within the group, preserving shared cultural traditions and limiting external influence.  How does the Maisin practice of exogamy compare to Tahltan practices?\ A) Maisin exogamy prioritizes modern individual choice, while Tahltan rules are strictly clan-based.\ B) Tahltan exogamy discourages resource-sharing, unlike Maisin alliances.\ C) Both practices rely solely on genetic diversity rather than social networks.\ D) Both require inter-clan marriages to strengthen alliances and ensure genetic diversity.\ E) Tahltan exogamy prohibits all reciprocal exchanges, unlike Maisin practices.\ **Answer**: D\ **Explanation**: Both Maisin and Tahltan exogamy enhance genetic diversity and foster strong social networks through inter-clan marriages.  How does polygyny enhance household productivity in horticultural societies like the Yanomami?\ A) By discouraging intermarriage between rival clans\ B) By limiting the number of children per wife to control population growth\ C) By increasing the labor force through the contributions of multiple wives\ D) By redistributing wealth across unrelated families\ E) By requiring wives to concentrate solely on child-rearing\ **Answer**: C\ **Explanation**: Polygyny in horticultural societies ensures a larger labor force, enhancing productivity in farming and household tasks.  How does the Orthodox Jewish practice of endogamy address assimilation?\ A) By promoting interfaith marriages to expand cultural influence\ B) By restricting marriage to individuals within the same faith\ C) By prioritizing patrilineal inheritance for family continuity\ D) By centralizing inheritance within the extended family\ E) By mandating matrilocal residence for newly married couples\ **Answer**: B\ **Explanation**: Orthodox Jewish communities practice endogamy to maintain their distinct religious identity and traditions by restricting marriage to within the faith.  How does monogamy reflect romantic ideals in Western societies?\ A) By emphasizing exclusivity and mutual commitment in relationships\ B) By promoting alliances between extended family groups\ C) By prioritizing communal ownership of property\ D) By ensuring inheritance within caste-specific frameworks\ E) By encouraging patrilocal residence for family stability\ **Answer**: A\ **Explanation**: Monogamy in Western societies is closely associated with romantic ideals of exclusivity, mutual love, and lifelong commitment between two individuals.  How does polyandry challenge traditional gender roles?\ A) By assigning multiple men to the role of husband and provider\ B) By emphasizing women's control over agricultural resources\ C) By encouraging women to reject patrilineal inheritance norms\ D) By requiring men to compete for the affection of a single wife\ E) By allowing women to choose multiple husbands independently\ **Answer**: A\ **Explanation**: Polyandry challenges traditional gender roles by involving multiple men as co-husbands in the same household, shifting expectations of male exclusivity in marriage.