Prominent People in Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science PDF

The Prominent People in Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science  English anthropologists, the founder of cultural anthropology. Tylor is representative of cultural evolutionism. In his works Primitive Culture and Anthropology, he defined the context of the scientific study of anthropolog...

The Prominent People in Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science  English anthropologists, the founder of cultural anthropology. Tylor is representative of cultural evolutionism. In his works Primitive Culture and Anthropology, he defined the context of the scientific study of anthropology. He believed that there was a functional basis for the development of society and religion, which he determined was universal.  Father of Anthropology Studied and widely collected information on race, linguistics, art, dance, and archaeology. From these studies he developed his theory of relativism, debunking the prevailing beliefs that Western Civilization is superior to less complex societies.  He is credited with developing the concepts of cultural areas and "cultural elements" He helped establish archaeology as an essential component when investigating culture.  He is one of the pioneer to lead participant observation method. Malinowski also tackled some of the most important and controversial topics of his day: economics, religion, family, sex, psychology, colonialism, and war.  Moved away from ecological and economic explanations of people’s cultures. Instead, he looked for the meanings of particular cultural symbols and rituals within cultures themselves, an approach known as Symbolic Anthropology.  Proposed that culture and gender roles play just as strong a role as biology in influencing adolescent behavior Much of her research was completed via participation/observation in Samoa and New Guinea Presented the idea that the individual experience of developmental stages could be shaped by cultural demands and expectations  Father of Sociology Proposed positivism Interested in the two in two interrelated issues: social order and social change.  Englishman who believed that society operates under fixed laws. He considered that societies evolve from lower to higher forms Coined the term “survival of the fittest”  Father of Communism A German who believed that the key to human history is “Class Conflict”. He introduced one of the major perspectives in sociology – Conflict Perspective  According to him that people were likely to commit suicide if their ties to others in communities were weak. Durkheim believed that individuals should be considered within the context of the society in which they live.  He used cross-cultural and historical materials in order to determine how extensively social groups affect people’s orientations to life.  The Republic Normative examination of governing Citizens incapable of governing themselves, a philosopher/king should rule to create a just society.  Politics Father of Political Science Both normative (what should be) and descriptive (what is) Based on observations of Greek city-states to see "what works and what doesn't" Democracy is best, and best ruled by citizens of the middle class.  Father of Modern Political Science The Prince (1513) - obtaining and using political power A realist: explanations not based on religious doctrines or what we wish society to be. The Contractualists Explaining the creation of political systems: social contracts  Social Contract (1762) - Civil society formed to ensure freedom. People lived as "noble savages" but were corrupted by society. The "general will" guides a just society.  French philosopher Argued that no single set of laws could apply to all people at all times Stated monarchy was not necessary if there was a better government Montesquieu believed in idea of separation of powers  Leviathan (1651) - Civil society is formed out of fear. Life in the state of nature is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short." People submit to a strong monarch for protection from chaos.  Two Treaties of Government (1689) - Civil society is formed for the protection of property. Life in the state of nature is peaceful, but property rights were uncertain. Government requires consent of the governed.