Foreign Relations of Korea PDF

Fall 2024 KF e-school UHM Foreign Relations of Korea Week 2 Foreign Policy and Foreign Relations of Korea CAU Donghyun Kim  1. The connection between foreign policy and foreign relations What is foreign policy? - Foreign policy is...

Fall 2024 KF e-school UHM Foreign Relations of Korea Week 2 Foreign Policy and Foreign Relations of Korea CAU Donghyun Kim  1. The connection between foreign policy and foreign relations What is foreign policy? - Foreign policy is related to the policy-making actions of a country in forming relationships with other countries, social groups of other countries, and international organizations. - A country's foreign policy is considered as a part of the country's governance as its foreign policy. - A country's foreign policy is the country's official attitude and position on foreign relations, and through this, the country's foreign relations is determined. What is External Relations? - External Relations refer to the entirety of relationships a country establishes with other countries. - External relations encompass not only the government but also political, economic, and social relationships. - When government control and involvement are applied to define relationships with external or specific countries, external relations become foreign policy, that is, diplomacy. Ultimately, for a country, external relations refer to the entirety of diplomatic relations with other countries. When government will is reflected in the control and involvement in external relations, it becomes foreign policy.  2. Actors in International Politics The most important actor in foreign relations is the state. - Levels of Analysis in International Politics: Individual, State, NGOs, and International System. - External relations are formed through relationships between states, with the interstate relations centered on states—referred to as the international system—acting as a major key factor. - Each state forms its external relations through competitive interactions under mutual influence, and the sum of the external relations of all states forms the international system.  2. Actors in International Politics What is a State? - The modern concept of the state is contextualized by the emergence of the nation-state in the late medieval period. - The origins of modern international relations began with the rise of centralized nation-states in the 16th and 17th centuries and the expansion of interstate relations. - The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 marked a significant advancement in the history of modern international relations. - In the 20th century, following the experiences of World War I and World War II, the fundamental perspective of international politics, which views interstate conflicts and wars, among other dynamics, became established.  2. Actors in International Politics Similar Concepts and the State International Politics or Inter-State Politics It comprehensively refers to bilateral relations between countries or diplomatic relations. Here, the concepts of a state's territory and sovereignty are clear, and each country acts in its own interest. State State International relations It refers to comprehensive diplomatic relations between countries, and such comprehensive and multilateral relations are called international relations. In these relations, the basic roles of the state and the concept of territory 국가 State 국가 State remain the same. Transnational relations or world politics Non-state actors such as multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations, and international organizations have emerged, and their roles in international relations are becoming stronger. In reality, within these relationships, the concepts of national territory and sovereignty are State State gradually weakening.  2. Actors in International Politics External Relation Similar to the concept of international relations, but the fundamental difference lies in focusing on the relationships between one state and other states. A state B state State C state D state In reality, the most important actor in today’s external relations is still the state (government), but international organizations, non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations, and individual citizens are also emerging as significant actors.  2. Actors in International Politics Various Actors International System U.N. State A State C WTO MNC State B A PERSON NGO, Civic Org. Relations among entities Non-state Terrorists Complex Relations create a situation for the state  3. Analytical Methods for External Relations and Foreign Policy 1) Historical Approach - Methods centered on historical records from the past. - [Example] By republic, president, regime, era, etc. ⇒ Descriptive explanation. 2) Theoretical Approach - Methods that emphasize various analytical and theoretical perspectives along with historical facts to study diplomatic relations and foreign policy between countries. ① Ideological Approach: A country's external relations and foreign policy represent the ideological system of that country, thus reflecting the logic of the system in a macro perspective. After World War II, the Cold War system developed the ideological approach in analyzing foreign policy and external relations. ② Analytical Approach: In studying foreign policy and external relations, various factors such as domestic politics, economy, national power, military strength, technology, bureaucracy, geographic factors, and political culture are analyzed.  3. Analytical Methods for External Relations and Foreign Policy The present is the result of the past and the beginning of the future - It is important to analyze a country's external relations and foreign policy by examining the present based on the past and predicting the future. In addition, it is crucial to analyze a country's external relations and foreign policy at various levels of analysis in international politics, namely the international system, the state, and the individual. Research Focus on South Korea's External Relations and Foreign Policy 1945 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Analysis Policy Levels of Foreign Individual State International System Domestic Environment External Environment Relations External Inter-State Relations  3. Analytical Methods for External Relations and Foreign Policy South Korea's External Relations: Inter-Korean Relations and the Four Major Powers China Russia background of formation, process, ideology, etc. Japan U.S.(the West)  3. Analytical Methods for External Relations and Foreign Policy South Korea's External Relations: Inter-Korean Relations and the Four Major Powers ① Relations with the United States, China, and Russia - Fundamentally military in nature (competitive relationship) → Aimed at national security and world peace. - Currently, the focus is on reducing competition and pursuing cooperation. - U.S.-China Relations: Confrontation since 1949 → Reconciliation mood after the Nixon Doctrine. - China-Soviet Relations: Territorial disputes → Normalization of relations in 1989. ② Relations with the United States, Japan, and the West - Fundamentally economic in nature (cooperative system) → Pursuit of happiness and enhanced cooperation. - Trade: Expansion of comparative advantage [Example: WTO system]. - Aid: Trilateralism (pursuit of mutual development and support).  3. Analytical Methods for External Relations and Foreign Policy South Korea's External Relations: Inter-Korean Relations and the Four Major Powers ③ Relations with the United States, the West, and Russia - Coexistence of military and economic relations → Competition and cooperation - Both aspects of ① and ② are simultaneously at play. ※ Especially significant since the 1990s, which marks a rising stage ④ Relations with the United States, Japan, and China - Both aspects of ① and ② are simultaneously at play ※ Geographical competition still exists  3. Analytical Methods for External Relations and Foreign Policy Then, what is the relationship between the four major powers surrounding the Korean Peninsula (North and South Korea)? - South Korea has historically been positioned within the southern triangular relationship involving the United States, Japan, and the West in Northeast Asia. However, it is gradually expanding its relations to include the U.S.-Japan-China relationship and the U.S.-China-Russia relationship. - For South Korea, most of its international relations are being normalized. However, for North Korea, further improvement in relations with the United States, Japan, and others is still desired.  4. What is Foreign Policy? Foreign policy Foreign policy refers to a country's external policy and is a part of the national governance actions. - In 1648 Europe, the Treaty of Westphalia was signed, ending the Thirty Years' War ⇒ This led to the emergence of modern nation-states and the establishment of diplomatic relations based on international law between states. - As the most basic unit constituting the international community, a state pursues various diplomatic strategies to maximize its national interests. - Recently, international organizations (IOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs) have emerged as universal actors. However, the state remains the most crucial and central actor in coordinating diplomatic relations between countries. Foreign policy is a diplomatic strategy and tool aimed at expanding a nation's national interests. - The national interests between countries may vary depending on the circumstances each country faces. - However, the fundamental goal of foreign policy—to maximize national interests—remains unchanged. - It is important to note that national interests can change with the times, and the diplomatic efforts of a country in pursuing those interests may also vary. 5. Objectives of Foreign Policy and National Interest 1) Policy Level According to National Objectives (Primary Level) - Pursuing policies based on national objectives is ultimately tied to the issue of national survival. - The goal of national survival is extremely urgent and critical; however, despite its importance, it may be pursued with relative flexibility depending on circumstances and situations. This means that activities and goals must be tailored to the situation and level at hand. ① National Security ② Economic Interests ③ National Status and Image ④ Unification Goal: This should be recognized not only as a national objective for a divided country but also as a goal of integrity ⑤ Strengthening National Power: National power is required as a means according to the concept of the goal. The stronger the national power, such as military or economic power, the more advantageous the foreign policy will be (Note: Therefore, this concept precedes the cultural concept 5. Objectives of Foreign Policy and National Interest 2) Policy Level According to National Interests (Secondary Level) - National interests require to be analyzed on diverse dimensions (at least nine). At the level of a single country (six categories) 1. According to the degree of importance ① Primary (Core) National Interests: Non-negotiable essentials (e.g., sovereignty, national survival, etc.) ② Secondary National Interests: Requires distinction between permanent national interests and situational national interests 2. According to the degree of permanence ③ Permanent National Interests: (e.g., freedom of navigation, resource-related interests, etc.) ④ Situational National Interests: Variable national interests → National interests according to political objectives (manipulative) * Note: Situational national interests can sometimes be disguised as permanent national interests 3. According to the scope of national interests ⑤ General National Interests: (e.g., balance of power in Europe for the United Kingdom) ⑥ Special National Interests: (e.g., the independence of the Benelux countries for the United Kingdom) 5. Objectives of Foreign Policy and National Interest At the level of two or more countries (three categories) ⑦ Common interest: the two countries' interests are homogeneous (Example) The balance of power in Europe is in the common interest of the U.K and the U.S.)) ⑧ complementary interest: mutually complementary interest (e.g. benefits that can help each other?) ⑨ Conflicting interest: It's a very dynamic concept, which means all benefits except  and  * Note: Ultimately, in analyzing foreign policy, not only comprehensive analysis but also more multifaceted and issue-oriented analysis are necessary.  6. Types of Foreign Policy 1) Cooperation - Cooperative diplomacy refers to actions that pursue mutual cooperation and common interests across various fields—military, security, political, economic, social, and cultural—among allied nations. - Cooperative relations between countries have the potential to develop into quasi-alliances or alliances that are more likely to advance between countries that share similar ideologies or systems politically and economically. 2) Alliance - Traditionally, alliance diplomacy is a fundamental element in maintaining a balance of power. - Alliance relationships between countries require common interests. - However, even with differing levels of mutual benefit (diverging interests), it is still possible to establish alliances. - Types of Alliances Based on Their Nature (1) Offensive Alliances or Wartime Alliances (2) Defensive Alliances or Mutual Security Treaties (3) Neutrality or Non-Aggression Pacts  6. Types of Foreign Policy 3) Hostility - A country may adopt a hostile foreign policy toward another state, considering it a potential threat until it is deemed a friendly state. - For national defense, any country that is not an ally or friendly state is regarded as a potential threat. - Means of Hostile Diplomacy: (1) Military Power; (2) Economic Power. - Each of these means targets the opposing country through expansion and containment, ultimately encouraging the hostile state to change on its own (e.g., containment policies toward Myanmar, North Korea, etc.).  6. Types of Foreign Policy 4) Non-Alliance or Non-Alignment - Non-aligned diplomacy refers to the policy of refraining from military or diplomatic intervention to support the goals pursued by other countries. - Comparison with Neutrality: Neutrality requires recognition by other nations, while non-alignment involves independently determining the policy direction without being guaranteed non-aligned status by other countries (it is merely declarative in nature). - The full-scale emergence of non-aligned diplomacy in international politics began in the late 1960s when Third World countries advocated nationalism and anti-colonialism, aiming for mutual cooperation and the independent prosperity of Third World nations. - Non-aligned countries pursue the goal of eliminating conflicts between states in their foreign policy without aligning with either of the two major blocs. They advocate for: (1) Mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty; (2) Non-aggression; (3) Non-interference in internal affairs; (4) Equal mutual benefit; and (5) Peaceful coexistence.  6. Types of Foreign Policy 5) Intervention - Intervention diplomacy generally refers to the act of interfering with another country's domestic or foreign policies by employing diplomatic, economic, or military means. - Intervention is an action that deviates from conventional behavior in inter-state relations, and it is pursued with the aim of changing or maintaining the political system of another country. - Methods of Intervention Diplomacy: Verbal intervention, carrot and stick approach, military intervention, etc. - Intervention policies are often criticized from an international or moral standpoint. However, intervention can sometimes be justified through prior approval by international organizations or by self-determination.  7. Instruments of Foreign Policy 1) National Power - National power is the most important and multifaceted concept in international politics. - In general, all the capabilities a state can utilize in its foreign policy correspond to national power. - National power can be understood as both a goal and a means. A state conducts its foreign policy with the goal of strengthening its national power and pursues national interests through the use of this power. - As a result, national power is both the goal and the means of foreign policy. Characteristics of National Power 1. National power is relative: The strength of a nation is always determined through comparative advantage. 2. National power is circumstantial: The effectiveness of a nation's power always varies depending on the situation or context in which it is projected. 3. National power is dynamic: The elements that constitute national power are dynamic and change over the long term. 4. National power is multi-dimensional: Given the diversity of its components, national power manifests across various dimensions.  7. Instruments of Foreign Policy 2) Diplomacy - Diplomacy encompasses all public actions between states carried out by officials representing the state, covering everything from the decision-making process of foreign policy to its implementation and all external relations. - However, as a means of carrying out foreign policy, diplomacy can be understood as the official mechanism or technique used to realize national interests outside the state's territory. - Functions of Diplomacy: ① Communication between states; ② Negotiation between states; ③ Crisis management - Methods of Conducting Diplomacy: ① Secret Diplomacy vs. Open Diplomacy; ② Bilateral Diplomacy vs. Multilateral Diplomacy; ③ General Diplomacy vs. Summit Diplomacy  7. Instruments of Foreign Policy 3) Economy - As economic interdependence with other countries deepens, economic means are increasingly used as major tools in foreign policy. - Economic means can be divided into economic rewards and economic sanctions. - Economic rewards involve providing economic benefits to the target country in order to pursue one's own national interests, while economic sanctions aim to change the behavior and actions of the target country by imposing economic disadvantages. - Economic rewards are primarily used to expand the consensus among allied or friendly countries, while economic sanctions tend to be used to impose significant impacts or penalties on countries that violate international norms or morality. - It is important to note that economic means are not always effective. - Economic sanctions may be carried out with broad agreement, but even when implemented, the direct victims may be innocent ordinary citizens (e.g., sanctions against North Korea).  7. Instruments of Foreign Policy 4) Penetration and Intervention - Penetration or intervention refers to a series of processes in which one country attempts to influence the domestic political processes of another. While penetration involves accessing the internal structures of another actor, intervention is defined as more actively influencing the political processes of another country. - Penetration and intervention have long existed as part of political actions between states and tend to appear more intensively today. - Three Stages of Penetration and Intervention: ① Passive Penetration Stage: This stage involves collecting and concealing information without revealing the true intent between the parties involved (e.g., espionage activities); ② Persuasive Intervention Stage: Also referred to as the manipulative intervention stage, in which countries use various propaganda media to comment on the internal affairs of the target country and induce change; ③ Coercive Intervention Stage: This stage involves more official and direct methods to urge changes in the target country, and in some cases, military means may be employed.  Example: Arms trade between countries → The sale of weapons to the adversary of a target country may not directly lead to military conflict, but it can inflict a significant impact.  7. Instruments of Foreign Policy 5) Force or Military Power - The use of force to achieve diplomatic objectives between countries can, in some cases, be the most effective means. However, it can also lead to crises that may determine the survival of national security. - Four Stages of Using Force: ① Demonstration of Force: This involves not the actual use of force but the display of a country's military power or potential military mobilization to reinforce diplomatic means (e.g., military parades); ② Threat through Military Power: This stage involves verbal threats to use military force or the actual forward deployment of military forces to intimidate the target country; ③ Limited Use of Force: In this stage, force is actually used, but not to the extent of completely defeating the target country. Instead, force is demonstrated and used on a limited scale to threaten (e.g., localized conflicts); ④ Direct Use of Force: This stage involves the large-scale use of military power to defeat the target country (e.g., full-scale war).  7. Instruments of Foreign Policy 5) Force or Military Power  8. Determinants of Foreign Policy 1) External Factors - The external environmental factors surrounding a country significantly influence the domestic decision-making process of foreign policy. A country's external factors can be discussed across numerous categories and often act as external pressures on foreign policy decisions. 2) Social Factors - Social factors refer to non-governmental factors within the country that influence foreign policy. - Social and economic factors such as social values within the country, the level of national unity and consensus, and the degree of industrialization can have a significant impact on the country's foreign policy decisions. 3) Government Factors - There is a close relationship between the structure of government organizations that practically formulate foreign policy and the nature of foreign policy itself. - The composition, functions, and mutual dynamics of government institutions play a key role in either limiting or encouraging the direction and pace of foreign policy (e.g., the differences between dictatorship and democracy).  8. Determinants of Foreign Policy 4) Role Factors - Role factors are closely related to government factors, and significant differences can arise based on the roles associated with specific positions within the government. - Even within a single foreign policy issue, different government departments may exhibit varying policy preferences, which can depend more on the roles associated with their positions than on individual qualities. - Examples: Differences in policy preferences between Democratic and Republican administrations in the United States, and the differences among government departments in South Korea during the decision-making process on rice market liberalization. 5) Individual Factors - Individual factors pertain to the various aspects related to the policymakers themselves, such as their values, talents, and past experiences, all of which influence foreign policy decisions. Along with role factors, individual factors are crucial in determining the direction and momentum of policy decisions. - Examples: The decision-making processes of past presidents in foreign policy. Thank you