week 2

South Korea's External Relations: Inter-Korean Relations and the Four Major Powers

• South Korea's relationships with its key neighbors have been defined by various factors:
  • United States, China, and Russia: Primarily military in nature, with the goal of national security and world peace.
  • United States, Japan, and the West: Primarily economic in nature, focusing on mutual prosperity and cooperation.
  • United States, Japan, and China: A combination of both military and economic aspects.

Types of Foreign Policy

• Cooperation: Countries pursuing shared goals in various fields, including military, economic, social, and cultural aspects.
• Alliance: A strategic partnership between countries with common interests. Often defined by:
  • Offensive Alliances: Countries working together to attack other countries.
  • Defensive Alliances: Countries agreeing to defend each other against external threats.
• Hostility: A hostile policy toward another country that is considered a potential threat.
• Non-Alliance/Non-Alignment: A policy of avoiding involvement in alliances or diplomatic interventions.
• Intervention: Interfering in another country's domestic or foreign policies through diplomatic, economic, or military means.

Instruments of Foreign Policy

• National Power: The comprehensive capabilities a state can use in its foreign policy.
  • Characteristics:
    • Relative: Determined by comparison to other countries.
    • Circumstantial: Varies based on the situation.
    • Dynamic: Constantly changing over time.
    • Multidimensional: Manifests across various aspects of national power.
• Diplomacy: Official communication and interaction between states.
  • Functions:
    • Communication between states.
    • Negotiation between states.
    • Crisis management.
  • Methods:
    • Secret Diplomacy: Negotiations conducted in secrecy.
    • Open Diplomacy: Negotiations conducted publicly.
    • Bilateral Diplomacy: Interactions between two states.
    • Multilateral Diplomacy: Interactions between multiple states.
    • General Diplomacy: Routine diplomatic interactions.
    • Summit Diplomacy: Meetings between high-level officials.
• Economy: The increasing use of economic incentives and sanctions as tools in foreign policy.
  • Economic Rewards: Offering economic benefits to promote a country's foreign policy.
  • Economic Sanctions: Imposing economic disadvantages to influence a country's behavior.
• Penetration and Intervention: Influencing the domestic political processes of another country.
  • Penetration: Gaining access to internal structures of another country.
  • Intervention: Actively influencing the political processes of another country.
  • Stages:
    • Passive Penetration: Gathering information without revealing intent.
    • Persuasive Intervention: Using propaganda or media to influence a country.
    • Coercive Intervention: Using more direct means to force change, including military force.
• Force or Military Power: The use of military capabilities to achieve diplomatic objectives.
  • Stages:
    • Demonstration of Force: Displaying military power without actually using it.
    • Threat through Military Power: Threatening or deploying forces to intimidate.
    • Limited Use of Force: Using force on a limited scale to achieve specific objectives.
    • Direct Use of Force: Using military power to defeat another country.

Determinants of Foreign Policy

• External Factors: The international environment surrounding a country that influences its foreign policy decision-making.
• Social Factors: Non-governmental factors within a country that influence foreign policy.