week-11-personality-disorders.pdf

lOMoARcPSD|28762649 Week 11 - Personality Disorders Personality Psychology (University of South Australia) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded...

lOMoARcPSD|28762649 Week 11 - Personality Disorders Personality Psychology (University of South Australia) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Alexia Jones ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|28762649 PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY WEEK 11- PERSONALITY DISORDERS FACTOR MODELS: e.g. Big 5. HISTRIONIC: a pattern of excessive emotionality Personality Factor models and dimensional models go together, eg. variation within each factor. and attention seeking NARCISSISTIC: a pattern of grandiosity, need for Disorders THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES admiration and lack of empathy. AVOIDANT: a pattern of social inhibition, feelings of DEFINITIONS AND THEORY PSYCHODYNAMIC: unconscious processes, inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative Define normal- Latin for right/true unconscious conflict, repression (id, ego, superego), evaluation. Abnormal- ab= away/away from normal fixation// Kernberg, Freud, Jung, Alder, Horney DEPENDENT: a pattern of submissive and clinging Not that simple, context plays a big role BEHAVIOURAL/ LEARNING: determined by behaviour related to excessive need to be taken conditioning processes, S-R, reinforcement, care of MODELS OF ABNORMALITY classical, operant// Watson, Thorndike, Hull, OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE PERSONLAITY DISORDER STATISTICAL: how much do things deviate from the Skinner (not to be confused with obsessive-compulsive mean and how far does it need to deviate before it HUMANISTIC: actualisation tendencies, disorder): a preoccupation with orderliness, becomes abnormal (2.5 SDs away) phenomenology, unconditional positive regard, self- perfectionism and control. MEDICAL: abnormality is the result of an underlying actualisation// Rogers, Maslow medical problem. “Ranges of normality”. COGNITIVE: schemas, attributions, goals, self- DSM-5 CLUSTERS CULTURE/ SOCIETY: normality is a standard regulation// Kelly, Rotter, Bandura, Michel CLUSTER A- MAD: Odd or eccentric: paranoid, approved by the majority of people within a culture NEUROBIOLOGICAL/BIOLOGICAL/EOLITIONARY: schizoid, schizotypal or society- laws are reflections of these anatomy, physiology, evolution, genetic, CLUSTER B- BAD: dramatic, emotional or erratic: IMPAIRMENT: the condition causes some harm or heritability/ Cloninger, Eysenck, Polmin, Buss, Millon antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic results in some loss of benefit to the person. & Davis. CLUSTER C- SAD: anxious or fearful: avoidant, OTHERS: psychodynamic, behavioural, cognitive, dependent, obsessive-compulsive humanistic DSM-5 PERSONALITY DISORDERS WHAT IS A PERSONALITY DISORDER? PARANOID: a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness DSM-5 DEFINITION: an enduring pattern of inner such that other’s motives are interpreted as experience and behaviour that deviates markedly malevolent from the expectations of the individual’s culture, is SCHIZOID: a pattern of detachment from social pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in relationships and a restricted range of affect. adolescence or early adulthood is stable over time SCHIZOTYPAL: a pattern of acute discomfort in close and leads to distress or impairment. relationship, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behaviour MODELS OF PERSONALITY ANTISOCIAL: a pattern of disregard for and CATEGORICAL MODEL: (DSM based on this), violation of the rights of others personality comes in ‘types’, there are discrete BORDERLINE: a pattern of instability in boundaries between normality and pathology interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects DIMENSIONAL MODEL: personality characteristics and marked impulsivity are on a continuum Downloaded by Alexia Jones ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|28762649 PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY WEEK 11- PERSONALITY DISORDERS A person who expects harm and is on a mission to disturbances, schizophrenia- report someone is in detect evidence of impending attacks, without the room, will have visual hallucinations. sufficient basis or by ignoring logical alternatives Schizophrenia is like a ‘step up’ from schizotypal GENERAL DIAGNOSIS Behavioural: vigilance -An enduring pattern of inner experience and Intrapsychic: overwhelming fear behaviour that deviates markedly from the Interpersonal: hostile expectations of the individual’s culture. This pattern Clinical presentation: keen observers, attention to is manifested in 2 or more of these areas detail, cognitive schema is that others are out to ANTISOCIAL PD  Cognition (ways of perceiving and demean, betray, harm or criticise, hypersensitive to The control or manipulation of others without interpreting self, others and events) criticism, all interactions monitored for signs of remorse, shame, or regard for the rights or feelings  Affectivity (the range, intensity, labiality, criticism, deception or attacks. of others and appropriateness of emotional Behavioural: aggressive and controlling response) SCHIZIOD PD Intrapsychic: focus on one’s own needs  Interpersonal functioning Pervasively disinterested and detached from all Interpersonal: manipulation through charm, deceit  Impulse control relationships or coercion -the enduring pattern is inflexible and pervasive Behavioural: the bland and lethargic loner Clinical presentation: enjoys defying social across a broad range of personal and social Intrapsychic: comfort with emptiness conventions and breaking laws, high risk taking, situations Interpersonal: the lover of distance, experienced as sensation seeking behaviour, reckless and - The pattern is stable and of long duration, and its dull or boring, socially isolated impulsive, low tolerance for boredom, rarely onset can be traced back to at least to adolescence Clinical presentation: prefer solitary activities and experience shame or guilt or early adulthood isolation, frequent disregard for social conventions, Psychopathy will predict ASPD, but ASPD doesn’t - The enduring pattern is not better accounted for lack spontaneity, apathetic and indecisive, no strong predict psychopathy. as a manifestation or consequence of another emotional experiences, minimal reciprocity in facial mental disorder expressions/ body language - The enduring pattern is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (.e.g a drug of SCHIZOTYPAL PD abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition Odd or peculiar beliefs, appearance, or demeanour (e.g. head trauma). accompanied by social anxiety from paranoid fears Behavioural: eccentricities Intrapsychic: odd beliefs and unusual perceptions Specific Interpersonal: suspicious and apprehensive Clinical presentation: erratic or bizarre manner, HISTRIONIC PD Personality peculiar speech- over elaborate or vague, unusual perceptual experiences (sub-psychosis), maybe Vague and dramatic presentation that elicits attention and caregiving Disorders superstitious, telepathic, clairvoyant. DIFFERENT TO SCHIZOPHRENIA: typal- feel that there is someone in the room, perceptual Behavioural: seductive and capricious Intrapsychic: shallow and impressionistic Interpersonal: a social butterfly PARANOID PD Downloaded by Alexia Jones ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|28762649 PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY WEEK 11- PERSONALITY DISORDERS Clinical presentation: hedonistic, maintaining relationships with more powerful and and psychosis, so anxious, worried and distress, and unmethodological, charming, liable, capricious, competent others to compensate for above. strange, unusual, and distorted superficial, tendency to exaggerate to gain attention, not detain oriented, attention easily OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE PD CORE FEATURES captured by novel stimuli- environment and/or Perfectionism and control that interfere with Impulse control people. efficiency, task completion and social interactions Affective dysregulation Behavioural: stubbornly perfectionistic Cognitive functioning Intrapsychic: self-critical Interpersonal functioning NARCISSISTIC PD Interpersonal: inflexible control Doesn’t just appear in early adulthood, trajectory of The use of grandiosity, entitlement, or exploitation Clinical presentation: different from OCD (which is difficult experiences over time, aetiology points to to maintain self-esteem more related to anxiety), perfectionism can lead to childhood experiences as important Behavioural: arrogance and superiority procrastination, inefficiency, failure to complete Intrapsychic: anger, shame, and envy tasks, can’t see forest for trees, hyper-vigilance for Issues with DSM Interpersonal: lack of empathy errors, detail focused. Clinical presentation: appear conceited, boastful, System snobbish, self-centred, tend to dominate conversation, seek admiration, alienates others, Borderline CATEGORISATION AND DEFINITIONAL STRUCTURE DSM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM very sensitive to rejection, criticism or defeat. Personality - Descriptive - Similarity-based AVOIDANT PD Social withdrawal due to fear of being embarrassed, criticised, or rejected. Feel very socially inadequate. Disorder - Limited to descriptions and features - Limited ability to explain or predict Inability in affect and identity accompanied by fears - Too much self-report, too little long term Behavioural: shy and guarded of rejection or abandonment by others Categorical: discrete, natural class between normal Intrapsychic: feelings of inadequacy Behavioural: impulsively self-damaging and disordered Interpersonal: reticent but longing Intrapsychic: emptiness and anger Dimensional: PD represents artificial categories Clinical presentation: aloof, apprehensive, guarded, Interpersonal: excessive reactivity to real or determined by arbitrary cut-off points along a monosyllabic responses and minimal eye contact. imagined abandonment continuum. Clinical presentation: unstable relationships, when DIMENSIONAL MODEL DEPENDENT PD alone experiences profound feelings of emptiness, Advantages: individual differences recognised Excessive fear of autonomy and extensive need to abandonment, or rejection. Views self as bad, More representative in PD features be taken care of by more competent others defective, evil, unlovable, or unwanted. Extreme Better reliability and validity Behavioural: defers excessively and inappropriately liability (affective dysregulation). Dichotomous Disadvantages: assessment- number of dimensions, Intrapsychic: the self is weak and ineffectual thinkers. how to assess, difficulty communicating Interpersonal: cultivating relationships that provide dimensional data, tendency of clinical decision protection and support WHAT BORDERLINE MEANS making to be categorical. Clinical presentation: self-view as weak, Arose from psychoanalytic theory. Some forms of incompetent inadequate, focused on obtaining and mental illness lie on the BORDER between neurosis Downloaded by Alexia Jones ([email protected])