Psychology: Abnormality and Models
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What is the focus of the Psychodynamic perspective on personality disorders?

  • Social and environmental factors
  • Conscious thoughts and feelings
  • Biological and genetic influences
  • Unconscious processes and repression (correct)

    • Which of the following personality disorders is characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking?

  • Narcissistic
  • Histrionic (correct)
  • Avoidant
  • Antisocial

    • What is the origin of the term 'normal' in the context of personality disorders?

  • Greek word for average
  • French word for ordinary
  • Latin word for right/true (correct)
  • German word for typical

    • Which of the following models is used to understand personality disorders, including the Big 5?

    <p>Factor models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the Narcissistic personality disorder?

    <p>Grandiosity and need for admiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following personality disorders is characterized by a pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation?

    <p>Avoidant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of interpersonal functioning in individuals with Schizoid PD?

    <p>Pervasively disinterested and detached from all relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical presentation of individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)?

    <p>Enjoys defying social conventions and breaking laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of intrapsychic functioning in individuals with Schizoid PD?

    <p>Comfort with emptiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)?

    <p>Psychopathy predicts ASPD, but ASPD doesn't predict Psychopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of behavioural functioning in individuals with Schizoid PD?

    <p>The bland and lethargic loner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)?

    <p>Rarely experience shame or guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of intrapsychic functioning in individuals with ASPD?

    <p>Lack of remorse or empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the enduring pattern of personality disorder?

    <p>It is stable and of long duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Schizotypal Personality Disorder?

    <p>Eccentricities in behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of Histronic Personality Disorder?

    <p>Vague and dramatic presentation that elicits attention and caregiving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Schizotypal Personality Disorder?

    <p>Vague and dramatic presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of an enduring pattern of personality disorder?

    <p>A manifestation or consequence of another mental disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Schizotypal Personality Disorder in terms of interpersonal relationships?

    <p>Suspicious and apprehensive behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Schizotypal Personality Disorder in terms of perceptual experiences?

    <p>Unusual perceptual experiences (sub-psychosis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'abnormal' literally mean?

    <p>Away from normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model of abnormality focuses on the deviation from the mean?

    <p>Statistical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following personality disorders is characterized by a preoccupation with orderliness and perfectionism?

    <p>Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model of abnormality suggests that abnormality is the result of an underlying medical problem?

    <p>Medical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cluster of personality disorders is characterized by odd or eccentric behavior?

    <p>Cluster A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following psychologists is associated with the humanistic model of abnormality?

    <p>Rogers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition causing some harm or loss of benefit to the person?

    <p>Impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model of abnormality focuses on the role of culture and society in determining what is normal?

    <p>Cultural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between the clinical presentation of Narcissistic PD and OCD?

    <p>Perfectionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the intrapsychic functioning of individuals with Narcissistic PD?

    <p>Anger, shame, and envy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of the behavioral patterns of individuals with Narcissistic PD?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the interpersonal functioning of individuals with Narcissistic PD?

    <p>Flexibility in relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary emphasis of the Narcissistic PD in relation to self-esteem?

    <p>Maintaining a sense of grandiosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential outcome of the behavioral patterns of individuals with Narcissistic PD?

    <p>Procrastination and inefficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary underlying factor contributing to the development of Narcissistic PD?

    <p>Childhood experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common difficulty experienced by individuals with Narcissistic PD?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the theoretical perspective that emphasizes unconscious processes and conflict?

    <p>Psychodynamic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality disorder is characterized by a pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy?

    <p>Narcissistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the enduring pattern of personality disorders?

    <p>Maladaptive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the Factor models in personality disorders?

    <p>Dimensional variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality disorder is characterized by a pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation?

    <p>Avoidant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying factor contributing to the development of personality disorders?

    <p>Environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivation of individuals with Histrionic Personality Disorder in their relationships?

    <p>To maintain relationships with more powerful and competent others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the intrapsychic functioning of individuals with Histrionic Personality Disorder?

    <p>Shallow and impressionistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Paranoid Personality Disorder?

    <p>A pattern of distrust and suspiciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of the behavioral functioning of individuals with Histrionic Personality Disorder?

    <p>Seductive and capricious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of the Categorical Model of personality disorders?

    <p>Personality comes in 'types', with discrete boundaries between normality and pathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the interpersonal functioning of individuals with Histrionic Personality Disorder?

    <p>A social butterfly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of the clinical presentation of Paranoid Personality Disorder?

    <p>Strange and unusual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the Schizoid Personality Disorder?

    <p>A pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of affect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the intrapsychic functioning of individuals with Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder?

    <p>Rigid and perfectionistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the Borderline Personality Disorder?

    <p>A pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of the Dimensional Model of personality disorders?

    <p>Personality characteristics are on a continuum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the Antisocial Personality Disorder?

    <p>A pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the Schizotypal Personality Disorder?

    <p>A pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behaviour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between the clinical presentation of Narcissistic PD and OCD?

    <p>Narcissistic PD is characterized by perfectionism whereas OCD is characterized by anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the intrapsychic functioning of individuals with Narcissistic PD?

    <p>Anger, shame, and envy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a personality disorder according to the DSM-5?

    <p>An enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of the behavioral patterns of individuals with Narcissistic PD?

    <p>Alienation of others and social isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary emphasis of the Narcissistic PD in relation to self-esteem?

    <p>Maintaining a grandiose sense of self-importance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of the behavioral patterns of individuals with Narcissistic PD?

    <p>Procrastination, inefficiency, and failure to complete tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary underlying factor contributing to the development of Narcissistic PD?

    <p>Childhood experiences and trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common difficulty experienced by individuals with Narcissistic PD?

    <p>Accepting feedback and criticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Narcissistic PD clinical presentation differ from others?

    <p>It doesn't just appear in early adulthood, but rather is a trajectory of difficult experiences over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Avoidant Personality Disorder?

    <p>Social withdrawal due to fear of being embarrassed or rejected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the categorical and dimensional models of personality disorders?

    <p>The dimensional model recognizes individual differences in personality disorder features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Dependent Personality Disorder?

    <p>Excessive fear of autonomy and extensive need to be taken care of</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of the descriptive approach to personality disorders?

    <p>It is limited to descriptions and features, with little ability to explain or predict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the intrapsychic functioning of individuals with Avoidant Personality Disorder?

    <p>Feelings of inadequacy and shame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the clinical presentation of individuals with Avoidant Personality Disorder?

    <p>Aloof, apprehensive, and guarded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the intrapsychic functioning of individuals with Avoidant and Dependent Personality Disorders?

    <p>Individuals with Avoidant Personality Disorder experience feelings of inadequacy, while individuals with Dependent Personality Disorder experience feelings of emptiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of self-report measures in the assessment of personality disorders?

    <p>They are prone to bias and may not accurately reflect the individual's experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Personality Disorders

    • Definition of Abnormality: Not simply "not normal", but rather a complex concept that involves deviation from the norm, context, and impairment.

    Models of Abnormality

    • Statistical Model: Abnormality is defined as a deviation from the mean (2.5 SDs away).
    • Psychodynamic Model: Unconscious processes, conflict, repression, and fixation (e.g. Freud, Jung, Alder, Horney).
    • Behavioural/Learning Model: Determined by conditioning processes, reinforcement, and classical and operant conditioning (e.g. Watson, Thorndike, Hull, Skinner).
    • Humanistic Model: Actualization, phenomenology, and unconditional positive regard (e.g. Rogers, Maslow).
    • Neurobiological/Biological/Evolutionary Model: Anatomy, physiology, evolution, genetics, and heritability (e.g. Cloninger, Eysenck, Polmin, Buss, Millon).
    • Cultural/Societal Model: Normality is a standard approved by the majority of people within a culture or society.

    DSM-5 Clusters

    • Cluster A: Odd or eccentric personality disorders (paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal).
    • Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional or erratic personality disorders (antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic).

    Specific Personality Disorders

    • Schizoid PD: Characterized by pervasive disinterest and detachment from relationships, with a lack of emotional response.
    • Schizotypal PD: Characterized by odd or peculiar beliefs, appearance, or demeanor, accompanied by social anxiety from paranoid fears.
    • Histrionic PD: Characterized by vague and dramatic presentation that elicits attention and caregiving, with affective dysregulation and cognitive functioning issues.
    • Narcissistic PD: Characterized by the use of grandiosity, entitlement, or exploitation to maintain self-esteem, with a lack of empathy and anger, shame, and envy.

    Impairment

    • Impairment Criteria: The condition causes harm or results in a loss of benefit to the person, with issues in interpersonal functioning, impulse control, and emotional response.

    Personality Disorders

    • Definition: an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment.

    Models of Personality

    • Categorical Model: personality comes in 'types', with discrete boundaries between normality and pathology.
    • Dimensional Model: personality characteristics are on a continuum.

    Theoretical Perspectives

    • Psychodynamic: unconscious processes, unconscious conflict, repression (id, ego, superego).
    • Behavioral: focuses on observable behaviors.
    • Cognitive: focuses on mental processes and thought patterns.
    • Humanistic: focuses on personal growth and self-actualization.

    DSM-5 Personality Disorders

    • Cluster A: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal.
    • Cluster B: borderline, histrionic, narcissistic.
    • Cluster C: avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive.

    Paranoid Personality Disorder

    • Pattern of distrust and suspiciousness.
    • Interpretation of others' motives as malevolent.
    • Clinical presentation: expects harm and is on a mission to detect evidence of impending attacks.

    Histrionic Personality Disorder

    • Pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking.
    • Behavioral: seductive and capricious.
    • Intrapsychic: shallow and impressionistic.
    • Interpersonal: a social butterfly.

    Narcissistic Personality Disorder

    • Pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.
    • Behavioral: arrogance and superiority.
    • Intrapsychic: anger, shame, and envy.
    • Interpersonal: lack of empathy.
    • Clinical presentation: uses grandiosity, entitlement, or exploitation to maintain self-esteem.

    Avoidant Personality Disorder

    • Pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.
    • Behavioral: shy and guarded.
    • Intrapsychic: feelings of inadequacy.
    • Interpersonal: reticent but longing.
    • Clinical presentation: aloof, apprehensive, guarded, and minimal eye contact.

    Borderline Personality Disorder

    • Pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity.
    • Clinical presentation: unstable relationships, when alone experiences profound feelings of emptiness, abandonment, or rejection.

    Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

    • Pattern of perfectionism and control that interferes with efficiency, task completion, and social interactions.
    • Behavioral: stubbornly perfectionistic.
    • Intrapsychic: self-critical.
    • Interpersonal: inflexible control.
    • Clinical presentation: appear conceited, boastful, snobbish, and self-centered.

    Dependent Personality Disorder

    • Pattern of excessive fear of autonomy and extensive need to be taken care of by more competent others.
    • Behavioral: clingy and submissive.
    • Intrapsychic: feelings of inadequacy.
    • Interpersonal: excessive need for reassurance.
    • Clinical presentation: unable to make decisions, feels helpless, and requires others to take responsibility.

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