Abnormal Psychology Ch. 13 Personality Disorders PDF

Personality Disorders Chapter 13 FUNDAMENTALS OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Ronald J. Comer | Jonathan S. Comer | Tenth Edition Personality Disorders (part 1)  Personality  Uniquely expressed characteristics that influence ________, ________, ________, and _________.  Per...

Personality Disorders Chapter 13 FUNDAMENTALS OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Ronald J. Comer | Jonathan S. Comer | Tenth Edition Personality Disorders (part 1)  Personality  Uniquely expressed characteristics that influence ________, ________, ________, and _________.  Personality __________  Particular, predictable, flexible characteristics  Personality disorder  An ________, ______ pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that leads to significant problems and psychological pain for self and others Personality Disorders (part 2) Personality Disorder  Individual displays a __________, _____, and _____________ pattern of inner experience and behavior that leads to dysfunction in at least two of the following realms:  Cognition  Emotion  Social interactions  Impulsivity  The individual’s pattern is significantly ___________ from ones usually found in their culture.  Individual experiences significant distress or impairment. Information from: APA, 2013 Personality Disorders (part 3)  DSM-5 identifies ___ personality disorders, which are organized into three categories (________).  Odd or eccentric behavior  Paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders  Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior  Antisocial, borderline, narcissistic, and histrionic personality disorders  Anxious or fearful behavior  Avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders Personality Disorders (part 4)  Symptoms last for ________; typically recognizable in __________ or ___________________  Among most difficult psychological disorders to treat  Affect around 11 percent of U.S. population at any give time  _______________ is common. “Odd” Personality Disorders (part 1)  Cluster of “odd”  Displayed behaviors personality similar to, but not as disorders extensive as,  ________ personality ______________. disorder  Treatment rarely  ________ personality sought; success is disorder limited.  __________ personality disorder “Odd” Personality Disorders (part 2)  Paranoid personality disorder  Characterized by deep ______ and ________ of motives of others  Limited close relationships; cold and distant affect  Excessive ______ in own ideas and abilities; ________ of weakness and fault in others  Experienced by about 4.4 percent of U.S. adults; more common in men than in women “Odd” Personality Disorders  Although distrust and suspiciousness are the hallmarks of paranoid personality disorder, even people without this disorder are often untrusting.  In a recent survey, respondents said they believe certain professionals are particularly untrustworthy, including car salespeople, congresspeople, senators, insurance salespeople, stockbrokers, and lawyers. (Information from: Gallup Poll, 2020a.) “Odd” Personality Disorders (part 4)  Theoretical explanations  Psychodynamic: Linked to patterns of ________ ____________ with demanding parents  Cognitive-behavioral: Tied to broad ____________ assumptions  Biological: ________ causes  Little systematic research  Treatments  Psychodynamic: Object relations therapy; self-therapy  Cognitive-behavioral: Development of more realistic interpretations of words and actions of others; Anxiety reduction and interpersonal problem-solving improvement  Biological: Antipsychotic drug therapy “Odd” Personality Disorders (part 5)  Schizoid personality disorder  Persistent avoidance and removal from _______ ___________ and little demonstration of ________  Prefer to be alone and keep to themselves  Limited expression of feelings  Present in around 4.9 percent of U.S. adults; slightly more common in men than in women “Odd” Personality Disorders (part 6)  Schizoid personality disorder  Theoretical explanations  Psychodynamic: Roots in _________ need for human contact; childhood ___________ or ______  Cognitive-behavioral: Deficiencies in _______; inability to detect or react to __________ cues in others  Treatments  Helping clients to reconnect with world and recognize limits of their thinking and powers  Teaching clients to evaluate unusual thoughts and perceptions, using specific behavior methods and antipsychotic drugs “Odd” Personality Disorders (part 7)  Schizotypal personality disorder  Characterized by a range of ____________ problems, marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, _____ (even bizarre) ways of thinking, and _____________ eccentricities  Believe unrelated events pertain to them in important ways; bodily illusions  Demonstrate difficulty keeping ________ focused; conversation is typically digressive and vague, even sprinkled with loose associations  Affects around 4 percent of adults; slightly more males than females “Odd” Personality Disorders (part 8)  Schizotypal personality disorder  Theoretical explanations  Similar factors are at work in schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia and related disorders.  High activity of _________ neurotransmitter; ______ basis  Links to _______ disorders  Comorbidity with major depressive or bipolar disorder in about two-thirds of people with this disorder  “Odd” Personality Disorders  Schizotypal personality disorder Treatment is as difficult in cases of schizotypal personality disorder as it is in cases of paranoid and schizoid personality disorders. the need to help clients “reconnect” and recognize the limits of their thinking and powers. Cognitive-behavioral therapists try to teach clients to objectively evaluate their thoughts and perceptions and provide speech lessons and social skills training. Antipsychotic drugs appear to be somewhat helpful in reducing certain thought problems. “Dramatic” Personality Disorders (part 1)  Cluster of “dramatic” personality disorders  Antisocial personality disorder  Borderline personality disorder  Histrionic personality disorder  Narcissistic personality disorder “Dramatic” Personality Disorders (part 2)  Antisocial personality disorder (psychopaths, sociopaths)  People with antisocial personality disorder who persistently _________ and _______ others’ rights  Person be at least __ years of age to receive this diagnosis (DSM-5).  Lie repeatedly, reckless, and impulsive  Little regard for other individuals, and can be cruel, sadistic, aggressive, and violent  Higher rate of alcoholism, substance use disorder, or childhood _________________  Found in 3.6 percent of U.S. adults, four times more common in men than in women “Dramatic” Personality Disorders (part 3)  Most clinicians believe that mass killers typically suffer from a mental disorder, but there is little agreement about which disorders.  Antisocial, borderline, paranoid, or schizotypal personality disorder  Schizophrenia or severe bipolar disorder  Intermittent explosive disorder—an impulse-control disorder featuring repeated, unprovoked verbal and/or behavioral outbursts  Severe depression, stress, or anxiety “Dramatic” Personality Disorders (part 4)  Antisocial personality disorder  Theoretical explanations  Psychodynamic factors  Cognitive-behavioral factors  Biological factors  Treatments  Help in reconnecting with world, setting limits, increasing positive social contacts, easing loneliness, reducing overstimulation  Teach to objectively evaluate unusual thoughts or perceptions  Typically ineffective due to lack of __________ and desire to ______ “Dramatic” Personality Disorders (part 5)  Borderline personality disorder (psychopaths, sociopaths)  Characterized by ________, including major shifts in _______, ________ self-image, and __________  Unstable, intense, conflict-ridden interpersonal relationships  Prone to bouts of anger, which sometimes result in physical aggression and violence; also may direct impulsive anger inward and harm themselves  70 percent attempt suicide;10 percent die  Found in 6 percent of U.S. adults; 75 percent are women “Dramatic” Personality Disorders (part 6)  Borderline personality disorder  Theoretical explanations  Psychodynamic: Early parental relationships (object relations theory)  Object relations theory: Lack of early acceptance or abuse/neglect by parents (some research support)  Biological: Genetic predisposition; lower brain serotonin activity; abnormal brain structure/circuit activity and anatomy  Sociocultural: Impact of rapidly changing cultures “Dramatic” Personality Disorders (part 7)  Borderline personality disorder  Integrative explanations  Biosocial: Combination of internal and external forces  Children have intrinsic difficulty identifying and controlling emotions; parents teach them to ignore their feelings.  Developmental psychopathology: Childhood traumas and dysfunctional parental attachments lead to flawed capacity for __________ relationships; positive factors can counter.  Mentalization deficits  Treatments  Psychodynamic: Relational psychoanalytic therapy; transference- focused therapy  Cognitive-behavioral: Primarily dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)  Biological: Antidepressant, antibipolar, antianxiety, or antipsychotic drugs as adjuncts to psychotherapy “Dramatic” Personality Disorders (part 8)  Histrionic personality disorder  Individuals are extremely emotional and continually seek to be the _________________.  Engagement in _________________ behaviors and always on stage  Approval and praise are lifeblood  _____, self-centered, and demanding  Some make suicide attempts, often to ____________ others.  Found in 2 percent of U.S. adults more common in women than in men “Dramatic” Personality Disorders (part 9)  Histrionic personality disorder  Theoretical perspective  Psychodynamic: ___________________________ with parents in childhood  Cognitive-behavioral: Lack of __________ and extreme suggestibility  Sociocultural/multicultural: Partially influenced by cultural norms and expectations “Dramatic” Personality Disorders (part 10)  Histrionic personality disorder  Treatment  Cognitive-behaviorist theorists: Change belief of ____________ and develop more deliberate thinking strategies.  Psychodynamic theorists: Therapy/group therapy used.  All approaches focus on recognizing of excessive ______________, finding inner satisfaction, coping better, and becoming more self-reliant.  Drug therapy of limited help “Dramatic” Personality Disorders (part 11)  Narcissistic personality disorder  People with narcissistic personality disorder are generally __________, need much ___________, and feel no _________ with others.  Exaggeration of achievements and talents, often arrogance  Selective about friends; often favorable first impressions  Some make suicide attempts, often to manipulate others  Common among normal teenagers and does not usually lead to adult narcissism  Found in 6.2 percent of U.S. adults, and 75 percent of these are men. “Dramatic” Personality Disorders (part 12)  As the selfie phenomenon has grown, opinions about selfies have intensified.  Turkle suggests that people who post an endless stream of selfies are often seeking external validation of their self-worth, even if that pursuit may not rise to a level of clinical narcissism.  Other psychologists believe that, for the most part, selfies are an inevitable by-product of “technology- enabled self-expression.” “Dramatic” Personality Disorders (part 13)  Narcissistic personality disorder  Theoretical perspectives  Psychodynamic: Focus on cold, rejecting parents; life spent feeling unsatisfied, __________, _________, ashamed, and world wary  Object relations: Focus on grandiose self-presentation; self- sufficiency replaces warm relationships  Cognitive-behavioral: Propose narcissistic personality disorder may develop when people are treated ____ ___________ rather than too negatively in early life; overvalue self-worth  Sociocultural theorists: See a link between narcissistic personality disorder and eras of narcissism in society