week-10-social-and-cultural-contexts-notes.pdf

lOMoARcPSD|28762649 Week 10 - Social and cultural contexts notes Personality Psychology (University of South Australia) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university...

lOMoARcPSD|28762649 Week 10 - Social and cultural contexts notes Personality Psychology (University of South Australia) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Alexia Jones ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|28762649 PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY WEEK 10: SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXTS Tendency to feel tense, worried or anxious in social Confirmation bias: tendency to notice and search Social & Cultural situations, can lead people to avoid social interactions and an increasing sense of isolation for information that confirms one’s belief and ignore information that disconfirms one’s beliefs. Contexts Shy women are less likely to see a gynaecologist and bring up contraception with a sexual partner - Only thing to do now is to focus on the things that confirm the belief. Having too THREE MECHANISMS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION much focus on the things that don’t confirm Selection OTHER PERSONALITY TRAITS the belief can lead to cognitive dissonance Evocation Sensation seeking – higher sensation seeking put Cognitive dissonance: unpleasant state when Manipulation themselves into situations where their optimal level behaviours and attitudes are inconsistent. - How do we make sure we get what we need of arousal is being met, enjoy sucking on a lemon, Causes people to rationalise their behaviour from our environment and how do we spicy foods, high risk of substance abuse problems. and bring their attitude into line with their make sure we’re in the right environment Put themselves in situations which enable them to attitude. for us? get their needs met. Extraversion—someone low isn’t going to choose a Selection career in which they have to talk to people, extraverted people better salespeople. Manipulation Personality is linked to ways in which we try to ASSORTATIVE MATING influence or manipulate others People are married to people who are more similar to themselves in relation to attractiveness, values, religious beliefs, proximity etc. Evocation -of reactions from Manipulation or social influence includes ways in which people e intentionally alter, change, or others and evocation of our own reactions by exploit others. Partners’ personality has a large effect on marital others. Can be innocent- use manners satisfaction  people are esp happy if married to AGRESSION AND HOSTILITY Can be malevolent—DARK TRIAD: D3 partners high on agreeableness, and openness and Aggressive people evoke hostility from others - Machiavellianism low on neuroticism Hostile attribution bias: tendency to infer hostile - Narcissism Too much of a mismatch= relationships fizzle out or intent on the part of others in the face of uncertain - Psychopathy are dysfunctional behaviour from others SELECTIVE BREAK UP OF COUPLES Because aggressive people expect others to be Sex, gender & hostile, they treat others aggressively Those who don’t get what they want (incl. similarity) tend to selectively break-up more often When people are treated aggressively, they tend to personality aggress back. Social construction of gender than those who do ANGER AND UPSET EXTRAVERSION: Strongest predictors of upset are low agreeableness Women score higher on gregariousness SHYNESS and low emotional stability (high N) Shyness affects whether a person is willing to select Men score higher on activity level EXPECTANCY CONFIRMATION Men score moderately higher on assertiveness- risky situations in the form of gambles People’s beliefs about personality characteristics of men interrupt women more others cause them to evoke in others, actions that AGREEABLENESS are consistent with initial beliefs. women more trusting and tender minded Downloaded by Alexia Jones ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|28762649 PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY WEEK 10: SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXTS Women tend to smile more than men adaptive problems. Research supports many the value placed on chastity or virginity In a Men commit more violent crimes of all sorts predicted sex differences. (Problem: no account for potential mate. Men might have more ‘status’ than women – don’t individual and within-sex differences). Mating strategies might be differentially evoked in have to smile to get people to like them - An integrated approach needed to explain different cultures, resulting in enduring cultural CONSCIENTIOUSNESS behaviour! differences in mating strategies. women score higher Honours, insults and aggression: in cultures of EMOTIONAL STABILITY honour, insults are viewed as highly offensive public Women and men similar on impulsiveness Women score slightly higher on anxiety Culture & challenges that must be met with direct confrontation and physical aggression OPENNESS TO EXPEREINCES no differences Personality TRANSMITTED CULTURE SELF -ESTEEM Local within-group similarities between group Representations (ideas, values, beliefs, attitudes) Men score higher – influence of society – more differences of any sort that exist originally in at least one person’s mind pressure on women to look, act a certain way Physical/psychological/behavioural/attitudinal that are transmitted to other minds through DARK TRIAD TRAITS Three goals with regard to culture: discover the observation or interaction with the original person Men generally score higher principles underlying cultural diversity, discover (religion) how human psychology shapes culture, discover Cultural differences in moral values: many moral THEORIES OF SEX DIFFERENCES how cultural understandings shape psychology. values are specific to particular cultures SOCIALISATION AND SOCIAL RULES: boys and girls Cultural differences in self-concept: are different because they are reinforced by EVOKED CULTURE communion/interdependence- how you are parents, teachers, media for being masculine and a way of considering culture that concentrates on affiliated with, attached to, or engage in the large feminine, some evidence to support, problem: phenomena that are triggered in different ways by group in which you are a member—non-western- origin of sex differentiated socialisation practises). different environmental conditions Asian cultures focused more on interdependence. Sex differences arise as men and women are Two ingredients are required to explain evoked Agency/independence- how you differentiate distributed into different occupational and family culture: a universal underlying mechanism & yourself from the larger group—western cultures roles (problem: origin of sex differentiated roles?) environmental differences in activation of focused more on independence HORMONAL THEORIES: hormonal, physiological underlying mechanism Cultural differences in self-enhancement: the differences cause boys and girls to diverge over Evoked cooperation: e.g. food sharing, cultural tendency to describe and present oneself using development. Sex differences in testosterone are differences in the degree to which groups share positive or socially valued attributes linked with differences in aggression, dominance, food depend in part on external environmental Personality variation within culture: social class career choice and sexual desire. (problem: research conditions- variability in the food supply. When and historical era may both have an effect on suggests link between hormones and behaviour is variance in food supply is high  more sharing personality bi-directional, problem: no account for origins of Early experience and mating strategies: harsh, hormonal differences). rejecting, inconsistent child-rearing practices, CULTURAL UNIVERSALS EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY THEORY: sexes are erratically provided resources and marital discord attempts to identify features of personality that predicted to differ ONLY in those domains in which evoke short-term sexual strategy in children. appear to be universal or present in most cultures. people are recurrently faced with DIFFERENT Sensitivity of personality and mating strategies to early experience may explain cultural differences in Downloaded by Alexia Jones ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|28762649 PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY WEEK 10: SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXTS Beliefs about personality characteristics of men and women: MEN: active, loud, adventurous, obnoxious, aggressive, opinionated, arrogant, coarse, conceited. WOMEN: affectionate, modest, nervous, appreciative, patient, changeable, charming, fearful Emotion: universality of emotions of fear, anger, happiness, sadness, disgust, and surprise Personality evaluation: big 5 used universally Downloaded by Alexia Jones ([email protected])