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Questions and Answers
According to evolutionary psychology theory, what are sexes predicted to differ in?
domains where short-term sexual strategy in children is evoked
Which of the following emotions are considered universal?
Match the personality characteristics with their corresponding gender:
Men = active, loud, adventurous, obnoxious, aggressive Women = affectionate, modest, nervous, patient, charming
What evaluation tool is used universally for personality evaluation?
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What is the tendency to notice and search for information that confirms one's belief and ignore information that disconfirms one's beliefs?
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Aggressive people tend to evoke hostility from others.
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What is the term used to describe the unpleasant state when behaviors and attitudes are inconsistent?
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Shy women are less likely to see a gynaecologist and bring up contraception with a sexual partner due to their ______.
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Match the following personality traits with their descriptions:
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According to evolutionary psychology theory, which sexes are predicted to differ in domains related to short-term sexual strategy in children?
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What are some personality characteristics associated with men according to cultural beliefs?
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What are some personality characteristics associated with women according to cultural beliefs?
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Which emotions are considered universal according to the content?
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What is the term used to describe the tendency to feel tense, worried, or anxious in social situations?
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Which personality trait is associated with higher sensation seeking and a higher risk of substance abuse problems?
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Aggressive people tend to evoke hostility from others.
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Women score higher on gregariousness, while men score higher on ____________ level.
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Match the following personality traits with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Social and Cultural Contexts of Personality
- Social anxiety can lead to avoidance of social interactions and feelings of isolation.
Mechanisms of Social Interaction
- Selection: choosing our social environments to meet our needs
- Evocation: evoking reactions from others and our own reactions
- Manipulation: influencing or manipulating others, which can be innocent (e.g., using manners) or malevolent (e.g., Dark Triad traits: Machiavellianism, Narcissism, and Psychopathy)
Assortative Mating
- People tend to marry those similar to themselves in terms of attractiveness, values, religious beliefs, and proximity
- Partners' personality has a significant impact on marital satisfaction
Aggression and Hostility
- Aggressive people evoke hostility from others and are more likely to attribute hostile intent to others
- Hostile attribution bias: tendency to infer hostile intent in uncertain social situations
- When people are treated aggressively, they tend to respond with aggression
Selective Break-Up of Couples
- Couples are more likely to break up if they don't get what they want (including similarity) rather than those who do
- Low agreeableness and low emotional stability (high neuroticism) are strong predictors of upset
Shyness
- Shyness affects willingness to take risks in social situations
- Shy women are less likely to see a gynaecologist and discuss contraception with a sexual partner
Sex and Personality
- Women tend to smile more than men
- Men commit more violent crimes
- Women score higher on gregariousness, while men score higher on activity level and assertiveness
- Women tend to be more trusting and tender-minded
Theories of Sex Differences
- Socialisation and social rules: boys and girls are reinforced for being masculine and feminine by parents, teachers, and media
- Hormonal theories: hormonal and physiological differences lead to sex differences in aggression, dominance, career choice, and sexual desire
- Evolutionary psychology theory: sexes differ only in domains where they faced different adaptive problems
Cultural and Universal Aspects of Personality
- Cultural and universal aspects of self-concept: communion/interdependence and agency/independence
- Cultural differences in moral values and self-enhancement
- Personality variation within culture: social class and historical era may have an effect on personality
- Cultural universals: big 5 personality traits are used universally
Social and Cultural Contexts of Personality
- Social anxiety can lead to avoidance of social interactions and feelings of isolation.
Mechanisms of Social Interaction
- Selection: choosing our social environments to meet our needs
- Evocation: evoking reactions from others and our own reactions
- Manipulation: influencing or manipulating others, which can be innocent (e.g., using manners) or malevolent (e.g., Dark Triad traits: Machiavellianism, Narcissism, and Psychopathy)
Assortative Mating
- People tend to marry those similar to themselves in terms of attractiveness, values, religious beliefs, and proximity
- Partners' personality has a significant impact on marital satisfaction
Aggression and Hostility
- Aggressive people evoke hostility from others and are more likely to attribute hostile intent to others
- Hostile attribution bias: tendency to infer hostile intent in uncertain social situations
- When people are treated aggressively, they tend to respond with aggression
Selective Break-Up of Couples
- Couples are more likely to break up if they don't get what they want (including similarity) rather than those who do
- Low agreeableness and low emotional stability (high neuroticism) are strong predictors of upset
Shyness
- Shyness affects willingness to take risks in social situations
- Shy women are less likely to see a gynaecologist and discuss contraception with a sexual partner
Sex and Personality
- Women tend to smile more than men
- Men commit more violent crimes
- Women score higher on gregariousness, while men score higher on activity level and assertiveness
- Women tend to be more trusting and tender-minded
Theories of Sex Differences
- Socialisation and social rules: boys and girls are reinforced for being masculine and feminine by parents, teachers, and media
- Hormonal theories: hormonal and physiological differences lead to sex differences in aggression, dominance, career choice, and sexual desire
- Evolutionary psychology theory: sexes differ only in domains where they faced different adaptive problems
Cultural and Universal Aspects of Personality
- Cultural and universal aspects of self-concept: communion/interdependence and agency/independence
- Cultural differences in moral values and self-enhancement
- Personality variation within culture: social class and historical era may have an effect on personality
- Cultural universals: big 5 personality traits are used universally
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Description
Explore the social and cultural contexts of personality, including mechanisms of social interaction such as selection, evocation, and manipulation. Learn how social anxiety can impact our relationships and daily lives.
