Theories of Personality 2.pdf

MIDTERM PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Horney and Fromm, influenced by Freud's social and cultural milieu, developed theories of personality based on psychoanalytic framework. They emphasized family-based social forces and broader societal factors. Their theories...

MIDTERM PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Horney and Fromm, influenced by Freud's social and cultural milieu, developed theories of personality based on psychoanalytic framework. They emphasized family-based social forces and broader societal factors. Their theories are still relevant today, influencing contemporary views in psychoanalysis and clinical practice. Their work is rooted in the historical and social climate. KAREN HORNEY Karen Danielson Horney (pronounced "horn-eye") 1885 - 1952 German-born American psychoanalyst Born in Blankenese near Hamburg, Germany The first to challenge Freud's idea about women (Quinn, 1994) Studied medicine at the University of Freiburg, University of Gottingen, and University of Berlin. Moved in the U.S in 1932, where she became influential in American psychoanalysis PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: BASIC ANXIETY Basic anxiety - refers to the feelings that arise in a child when they perceive themselves as unloved, unvalued, or insecure. It's the sense of being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world Horney believed that neurosis (maladaptive behavior patterns) results from this basic anxiety, which stems from interpersonal relationships. Freud's concept of anxiety focuses on the conflicts of psychosexual stages of development. NEUROTIC NEEDS OR TRENDS, PRIMARY MODES OR RELATING, AND THREE BASIC ORIENTATION Neurotic needs or trend refers to the defense attitude to manage the basic anxiety Managing the neurotic needs or trend leads to three types of primary modes of relating to others (coping strategies): those moving toward others, moving away from others, and moving against others. These types of behavior lead, in turn, to three basic orientations toward life: the self-effacing solution, an appeal to be loved; the self-expansive solution, an attempt at mastery; and the resignation solution, a desire to be free of others. PRIMARY MODES OF BASIC ORIENTATIONS NEUROTIC TRENDS RELATING TO OTHERS TOWARD LIFE 1. Exaggerated need for affection and approval Moving toward (compliance): accepting Self-effacing solution: an appeal to 2. Need for a dominant partner one's helplessness and becoming be loved compliant 3. Exaggerated need for power Moving against (hostility): rebelling and Self-expansive solution: a striving 4. Need to exploit others resisting others to protect one's self from a for mastery 5. Exaggerated need for social recognition threatening environment or prestige 6. Exaggerated need for personal admiration 7. Exaggerated ambition for personal achievement  PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 8. Need to restrict one's life Moving away (detachment): Resignation solution: a desire to within narrow boundaries isolating one's self to avoid be free of others 9. Exaggerated need for self- involvement with others sufficiency and independence 10. Need for perfection and unassailability THE REAL AND IDEALIZED SELF According to Karen Horney's view, there is a difference between the idealized and real self. The idealized self is an exaggerated representation made by neurotics to get over feelings of inferiority, whereas the real self is a person's true ideas, feelings, and beliefs. PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: THE TYRANNY OF THE SHOULD Horney coined the term "the tyranny of the should." This concept highlights how our inner dictates—expectations of what we should be able to do, feel, and know—can become oppressive. It's a mental prison where authenticity is stifled by an image of who we think we should be. FEMININE PSYCHOLOGY In her work on feminine psychology, she brought acute clinical observations to the subject of femininity. Horney explored topics such as frigidity, the monogamous ideal, maternal conflicts, distrust between the sexes, feminine masochism, and the neurotic need for love. ASSESSMENT IN HORNEY'S THEORY Free Association Dream Analysis Self-analysis ERICH FROMM Erich Seligmann Fromm ( eh - ruhk fruhm ) Frankfurt, Germany. 1900 - 1980 Jewish but renounced his religion later on BASIC HUMAN CONDITIONS AND NEEDS Erich Fromm made up a concept of loneliness. As long as people have freedom it will cause a feeling of loneliness. The feeling of loneliness also expresses itself by the feeling of separation and isolation. ESCAPE MECHANISMS Fromm identified three common mechanisms of escape from freedom: authoritarianism, destructiveness, and automaton conformity. AUTHORITARIANISM People may surrender their freedom by symbiotically merging with external authorities or ideologies. This fusion provides a sense of strength that the individual self lacks. DESTRUCTIVENESS Some individuals cope with freedom by engaging in destructive behaviors. This destructive impulse can manifest in various ways, such as aggression, self-sabotage, or harming others.  PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AUTOMATON CONFORMITY When faced with the anxiety of freedom, people may conform rigidly to societal norms and expectations. They become automatons, suppressing their individuality and creativity to fit in. BASIC NEEDS According to Fromm, the human condition of freedom gives rise to five basic needs: relatedness, transcendence, rootedness, sense of identity, and a frame of orientation and object of devotion. Later, Fromm added a sixth need, excitation and stimulation. BASIC NEEDS Relatedness - Relating to other people and loving productively Transcendence - Rising above the animal level of creatureliness and becoming active creators Rootedness - Feeling that we belong Sense of identity - Becoming aware of ourselves as separate and unique individuals Frame of orientation and object of devotion - Having a stable and consistent frame of reference to organize perceptions and make sense of our environment Excitation and stimulation - Actively striving for a goal rather than simply responding CHARACTER ORIENTATION A person's character is determined in large measure by the culture and its objectives. Fromm identified five character orientations: receptive, exploitative, hoarding, marketing, and productive CHARACTER ORIENTATION Receptive - Personalities that believes that the only way they can obtain something they want is to receive it from an outside source; they react passively, waiting to be loved. Exploitative - Personalities that take the things they want by force or cunning; they exploit others for their own ends. Hoarding - Personalities hoard and save what they already have; they surround themselves with a wall and are miserly in their relations to others. Marketing - Personalities that can be described as opportunistic chameleons, changing their colors and values as they perceive the forces of the market to change. Productive - Productive personalities value themselves and others for who they are; they relate to the world by accurately perceiving it and by enriching it through their own creative powers ASSESSMENT AND RESEARCH Theoretical Analysis and Case Studies Psychological and Social Observation Conceptual Frameworks