Week 1 - YR1 Lecture 1H - Basic Medical Terminology 2021 PDF

Basic Medical Terminology Iman Hegazi MD, PhDTox, PhDMedEd Learning Objectives Identify the basic word elements used to build a medical term Recognise the patterns behind the language of medicine Apply the principles of medical terminology to practical examples Develop a familiarity and comfort with...

Basic Medical Terminology Iman Hegazi MD, PhDTox, PhDMedEd Learning Objectives Identify the basic word elements used to build a medical term Recognise the patterns behind the language of medicine Apply the principles of medical terminology to practical examples Develop a familiarity and comfort with using common medical terms © 2015, Cengage Learning History of Medical Terms Originated during the Renaissance (14-17th century) when the discipline of anatomy begun. Early Italian anatomists and physicians used Latin and Greek to describe various parts of the anatomy. Other sources of medical terminology include: – Arabic: throughout the middle ages, Arabic scholars had taught medicine and originated many terms – Biology: Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), a Swedish botanist and physician – the father of modern taxonomy – developed the modern system of naming organisms – English/French: medical terminology with roots from the English/French languages have been preeminent in biomedical science over the last 50 years Word Elements Medical terms are composed of word parts, also known as word elements. They consist of some or all of the following elements: Prefix Word root (WR) Combining Vowel Suffix Example: Pan/cyt/o/paenia Combining Form (CF) Word Elements Prefix PAN Root CYT Vowel Suffix O PAENIA Word Root Foundation of the word that contains its main meaning Usually from Latin but can be originally Greek or Arabic. At least one word root in most medical words Some medical words, such as heart and blood, derived from early versions of French or English language without a word root Examples of words with roots o o o o hepat in hepat/itis tonsill in tonsill/ectomy gastr in gastr/oma laryng in laryng/itis Examples of Roots and their meaning Blood: haem (Greek Root) Blood Vessel: angi (Greek Root) or vascul (Latin Root) Abdomen: lapar (Greek Root) Stomach: gastr (Greek Root) Eye: opthalm (Greek Root) or Ocul (Latin Root) Mouth: Oro (Latin Root) Upper Throat: Pharyng (Greek Root) Lower Throat: Laryng (Greek Root) Heart: Cardi (Greek Root) Brain: Cerebr (Latin Root) Bone: Oste (Latin Root) Examples of Roots and their meaning Blood: haem (Greek Root) Blood Vessel: angi (Greek Root) or vascul (Latin Root) Abdomen: lapar (Greek Root) Stomach: gastr (Greek Root) Eye: opthalm (Greek Root) or Ocul (Latin Root) Mouth: Oro (Latin Root) Upper Throat: Pharyng (Greek Root) Lower Throat: Laryng (Greek Root) Heart: Cardi (Greek Root) Brain: Cerebr (Latin Root) Bone: Oste (Latin Root) Combining Form (CF) Created when a word root is combined with a vowel, known as a combining vowel Difficulty pronouncing certain combinations of word roots requires insertion of a vowel Combining vowel usually an o, but sometimes an i or an e No meaning of its own, but a combining vowel enables two, or more, word elements to be connected Examples of words with CFs o Mamm/o in mamm/o/gram o Psych/o in psych/o/logy o Laryng/o in laryng/o/spasm o Hepat/o in hepat/o/megaly Suffix Word element at the end of a word Changes the meaning of a medical word Contained in most medical words Usually an indication of a pathology, condition, symptom, therapeutic or diagnostic procedure Example: Appendic/ectomy Vs. Appendic/itis Examples of suffixes ✓All suffixes beginning with a consonant need a combining vowel to be used between the word root and the suffix. -scope (instrument to view) in gastr/o/scope -spasm (twitching) in my/o/spasm -rrhexis (rupture) in angi/o/rrhexis -rrhoea (flow or discharge) in A/men/o/rrhoea -phagia (eating / swallowing) in Trich/o/phagia -ptysis (spitting) in haem/o/ptysis Examples of suffixes ✓Suffixes beginning with a vowel, do NOT require a combining vowel between the word root and the suffix. -aemia (condition of blood ) in hyper/calc/aemia -ectomy (removal) in appendic/ectomy -itis (inflammation) in appendic/itis -oma (tumour) in neur/oma -tomy (making an incision) in crani/o/tomy -emesis (vomiting) in haemat/emesis Prefix Word element at the beginning of a word Many the same as those used in the English language Changes the meaning of a medical word Not contained in all medical words Usually an indication of a number, time, position, measurement, direction, or negation Examples of words with prefixes o hyper- (over or above - amount) in hyper/tension o hemi- (half) in hemi/plegia o epi- (above – position) in epi/derm/al o post- (after) in post/nat/al o inter- (between) in inter/cost/al Examples of Prefixes An / A-  without / lack of e.g. anaemia and anoxia Dys-  bad/difficult e.g. dysfunction Endo-  inside e.g. endoscope Ecto-  outside e.g. ectopic pregnancy Epi-  upon e.g. epidermis Hyper-  excessive/ above/ high e.g. Hypertension Hypo-  under/ below/ low e.g. Hypotension Intra-  within/ inside e.g. Intra-abdominal Tachy-  fast e.g. Tachycardia Brady-  Slow e.g. Bradycardia Test yourself! Which is the prefix, root word, combining vowel and suffix? Cardiomyopathy ▪ Root Word: Cardi▪ Combining Vowel: -o▪ Root Word: -my▪ Combining Vowel: -o▪ Suffix: -pathy Intravenous ▪ Prefix: Intra▪ Root Word: -ven▪ Suffix: -ous Osteoarthritis ▪ Root Word: Oste▪ Combining Vowel: -o▪ Root Word: arthr▪ Suffix: -itis Test yourself! How do you say…? High blood sugar hyper/glyc/aemia Low number of white blood cells Leuk/o/cyt/o/paenia Inflammation of the membrane around the heart Peri/card/itis Basic Rules All medical terms have at least one word root Not all medical terms have a prefix, suffix, or combining vowel Combining vowels are used to connect word roots or word root and suffix When a suffix begins with a vowel, the combining vowel is not used. Example: arthritis When connecting two word roots, a combining vowel is usually used even if vowels are present at the junction. Example: oste/o/arthr/itis Basic Rules ✓ Usually medical terms are defined by starting at the end of the term and going back to the beginning Examples: Osteoarthritis Inflammation of the joints and bone Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils Appendicectomy (or appendectomy) Removal of the appendix Cardiology Study of the structure, function and disorders of the heart Can you define the longest word in the dictionary? Pneumono/ultramicroscopic/silico/volcano/coniosis (45 letters) Pneumono – Lungs Ultramicroscopic – Really small Silico – Silicon Volcano – Volcanic Coniosis – Condition/disease A lung disease caused by breathing in minute (microscopic) particles of siliceous volcanic dust Confusing Medical Terms Importance of spelling and pronunciation Using a medical dictionary The “sound-alike” terms “Look-alike” terms Caution when using abbreviations HOMONYMS HOMONYMS Words that sound alike but have different meanings Homophones Sound alike and have different meanings, but have different spellings E.g. pear (fruit) & pair (couple) Homographs Sound alike and have different meanings, but are spelled the same E.g. lie (untruth) & lie (lie down) Homophones Ilium: the largest and most superior of the three bones that join to form the hipbone Ileum: lower 3/5 of the small intestine Homophones Dysphagia: difficulty in swallowing http://www.ascseniorcare.com Dysphasia: impairment or loss of the power to use or understand speech; caused by disease of, or injury to the brain (such as in a stroke) https://s3.amazonaws.com Homographs Cervical: narrow portion of the uterus www.cancer.gov/PublishedContent/Images/images/cancertypes/cthp/reproductivesystem_female Cervical: relating to the neck, part of the c-spine http://www.stiebermd.com Homographs Dermatome: An area of skin that sends sensory information to spinal cord http://tlccrx.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Dermatome Dermatome: A surgical instrument used in skin grafting http://stebasp.adam.com Homographs Pelvis: lower part of the trunk of the human body between the abdomen and the thighs https://images.radiopaedia.org Pelvis: Funnel-shaped area in the kidney Quiz Inter- means within or inside. True or False? FALSE Quiz Losing a large amount of blood in a short time is a: a. Haemorage b. Haemorrhage c. Haemorhage Quiz The ilium is part of the hip bone, and the ileum is part of the small intestine. True or False? Quiz The ilium is part of the hip bone, and the ileum is part of the small intestine. True or False? Anatomical Position The normal anatomical position: The body standing upright The feet at shoulder width and parallel Toes forward. The upper limbs are held out to each side The palms of the hands face forward BC Open Textbooks: https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/1-6anatomical-terminology/ Anatomical Terms of Body Position and Direction Anterior/Ventral – Toward the front of the body Posterior/Dorsal – Toward the back of the body Supine – Body is lying face up Prone – Body is lying face down Lateral – Body is lying on the side, either left or right. Semi-Recumbent – Reclined position. Lying down, propped up at waist Trendelenburg – Lying down, face up, legs elevated Anatomical Terms of Location Superior (or cranial): Above Inferior (or caudal): Below Medial – Towards the middle Lateral – Towards the side Proximal – Towards the attachment of a limb Distal – Towards the fingers/toes or away from the attachment of a limb BC Open Textbooks: https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/1-6anatomical-terminology/ Body Planes The sagittal plane: Divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. The frontal plane: Divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion. The frontal plane is often referred to as a coronal plane. (“Corona” is Latin for “crown.”) The transverse plane is the plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions. Transverse planes produce images referred to as cross sections. BC Open Textbooks: https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/1-6anatomical-terminology/ Test yourself! 1. What is the position of the body when it is in the “normal anatomical position”? A. B. C. D. The person is prone with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides. The person is standing facing the observer, with upper limbs extended out at a ninety-degree angle from the torso and lower limbs in a wide stance with feet pointing laterally The person is supine with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides. None of the above Test yourself! 2. To make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the ________. A. B. C. D. Coronal plane longitudinal plane Sagittal plane Transverse plane Test yourself! 2. To make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the ________. A. B. C. D. Coronal plane longitudinal plane Sagittal plane Transverse plane