Medical Terminology: Complete! PDF

Medical Terminology: Complete! Fourth Edition Chapter 1 Introduction to Word Parts and Word Construction Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education,...

Medical Terminology: Complete! Fourth Edition Chapter 1 Introduction to Word Parts and Word Construction Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives (1 of 2) 1.1 Use the technique of programmed learning and frames. 1.2 Apply the phonetic pronunciation guides that are used in frames. 1.3 Recognize that medical terminology has both constructed and nonconstructed terms. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives (2 of 2) 1.4 Identify each of the three word parts (word roots, prefixes, and suffixes) used to construct medical terms. 1.5 Identify the function of a combining vowel that is added to a word root to form a combining form. 1.6 Recognize that many medical terms are constructed from word parts and can be deconstructed into their word parts. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Programmed Learning Approach (1 of 3) This course uses the programmed learning technique. The missing word is provided in the frame in the left margin. Each frame consists of a block of information, with the blank in the box on the right side of the page. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Programmed Learning Approach (2 of 3) Write the missing word in the blank as you proceed from frame to frame. Work without looking at the answer first to make each frame a challenge. Always check your answer before moving to the next frame, making sure the spelling is correct. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Programmed Learning Approach (3 of 3) Pronunciation guides via phonetic spelling are provided in parentheses. Syllable emphasis is noted with capital letters. The student website also provides audio samples of pronunciation. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Constructed and Nonconstructed Terms (1 of 4) Constructed medical terms are made up of multiple word parts. Learning constructed medical terms involves learning the meaning of various word parts. Then, constructed terms can be deciphered by their word parts. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Constructed and Nonconstructed Terms (2 of 4) Examples of constructed terms: – Pathology  (path/o – disease) + (-logy – study of) – Tonsillectomy  (tonsill/o – tonsil) + (-ectomy – surgical excision, removal) – Neonatologist  (neo – new) + (nat/o – birth) + (-logist – one who studies) Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Constructed and Nonconstructed Terms (3 of 4) Nonconstructed terms are not formed from individual word parts. They include eponyms, acronyms, and terms derived from other languages. Nonconstructed words must be memorized. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Constructed and Nonconstructed Terms (4 of 4) Examples of nonconstructed terms: – Impetigo – Coma – Cushing syndrome Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.1 Medical terms are either constructed words or words you must memorize, which include terms that are a single Latin or Greek word part, eponyms, acronyms, and so on. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Word Parts (1 of 9) The three primary types of word parts are: – Prefix – Word root – Suffix Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.2 Most medical terms are formed by assembling word parts. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Word Parts (2 of 9) Not every medical term has all three word parts. Some medical terms have more than one word root. Some medical terms are made simply of a prefix and a suffix. A fourth word part—the combining vowel—may also be used. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Word Parts (3 of 9) Bradycardia – brady- = slow – cardi = heart – -ia = condition of Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Word Parts (4 of 9) Gastritis – gastr = stomach – -itis = inflammation Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Word Parts (5 of 9) Gastroenteritis – gastr = stomach – enter = intestine – -itis = inflammation Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Word Parts (6 of 9) Gastroenterocolitis – gastr = stomach – enter = intestine – col = colon – -itis = inflammation Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Word Parts (7 of 9) Some words require combining vowels. Combining vowels make words pronounceable. O is the most common; I and E are used occasionally. – Gastroenterocolitis Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.3 The human body with many of the common combining forms. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Word Parts (8 of 9) There are rules for appropriate use of the combining form. – Use the combining form when adding a suffix that begins with a consonant. – Use the combining form to combine two roots. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Word Parts (9 of 9) There is no need to use a combining vowel between a prefix and a word root. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Origin of Medical Terms (1 of 2) Most medical terms come from Latin and Greek. The ancient Greeks are considered the fathers of modern medicine. The Romans advanced medicine with their own experiments and observations and added Latin terms to the growing body of medical language. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Origin of Medical Terms (2 of 2) Cultures throughout the world have contributed to medical knowledge. Sometimes the origins of medical terms relate to history, poetry, mythology, geography, physical objects, and ideas. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.4 The Greek father of medicine, Hippocrates, who originated many medical terms. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Table 1.1 Word Roots from Greek and Latin Root Origin Definition Medical Term Example lith lithos, Greek stone cholelithiasis condition of having gallstones maxim maximus, Latin biggest, highest gluteus maximus the biggest (outermost) gluteus muscle in the buttocks derm derma, Greek skin dermatitis inflammation of the skin path pathos, Greek disease pathogen disease-causing agent Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Forming Words from Word Parts A prefix usually requires no change when another word part unites with it to form a new term. – brady- means slow – anti- means against – pre- means before Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Word Parts: Prefixes anti- brady- endo- epi- neo- pre- Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Word Parts: Word Root / Combining Vowel (1 of 5) append/o, appendic/o bi/o cardi/o cerebr/o dermat/o – dermat/o = skin – -logy = study of  dermatology Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Word Parts: Word Root / Combining Vowel (2 of 5) electr/o encephal/o gastr/o hem/o hepat/o Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Word Parts: Word Root / Combining Vowel (3 of 5) hyster/o laryng/o leuk/o mamm/o mast/o Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Word Parts: Word Root / Combining Vowel (4 of 5) ment/o nat/o – pre- = before – nat = birth – -al = pertaining to  prenatal neur/o path/o proct/o Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Word Parts: Word Root / Combining Vowel (5 of 5) psych/o rhin/o tonsill/o vas/o Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Word Parts: Suffixes (1 of 3) -al -ectomy -emia -gram -ia Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Word Parts: Suffixes (2 of 3) -iatry -ic -itis -logist -logy Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Word Parts: Suffixes (3 of 3) -pathy -philia -plasty -scope – end/o = within – -scope = instrument used for viewing  endoscope -tic Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Summary (1 of 4) Constructed medical terms are deciphered by breaking them into word parts, defining first the suffix and then the prefix and then the word root(s) or combining forms. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Summary (2 of 4) The prefix is affixed to the beginning of a word. The word root or combining form provides the primary meaning of the term. The suffix is affixed to the end of the word. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Summary (3 of 4) The most common combining vowel is o. Infrequently used combining vowels include i and e. Use the combining vowel when adding a suffix that begins with a consonant or when combining two roots. Drop the combining vowel when connecting a root with a suffix that begins with a vowel. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Summary (4 of 4) Building words with cardi/o: – Bradycardia – Electrocardiogram – Carditis – Endocarditis – Cardiologist – Cardiology – Cardiopathy – Cardioplasty Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved